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SANTA Rita del Cobre Grant, as the present Chino property was known in the early part of the nineteenth century, was the scene of the first copper-mining operations of consequence in the territory now included in the United States. As early as 1801, the mines afforded the principal supply of copper for coinage by the Mexican Government. According to an estimate made from old records by H. A. Thorne, now superintendent of mines for the Chino company, about 41,000,- 000 lb. of copper had been produced prior to 1845, when the exploitation of the native copper deposits of the Lake Superior district was started for the first time by white men. B. S. Butler, in Mineral Resources of the United States for 1913, estimated the production from Grant County, New Mexico, from 1845 to 1913, at 134,353,963 1b.-an amazingly precise figure, considering the character of the data that he must have used. As "Grant County" may be interpreted for practical purposes as the Santa Rita district, it seems fair to credit the Chino group with a production of 165,000,000 lb. of copper prior to the time when the modern operations commenced. Unlike Morenci, which, by the way, lies only about 80 miles westerly across the Arizona-New Mexico line, Chino offers no problem as to when its production might properly be classified as coming from a Porphyry Copper. The time is definitely fixed by the starting of the new mill at Hurley in October, 1911. The interval from 1903 to 1913 had witnessed little production of any kind; and prior to that time operations had been confined entirely to the mining of narrow veins or lenses of ore assaying 10 to 15 per cent copper or even more. Such orebodies frequently are encountered today, when the electric shovels, working in broad daylight, eat away rock that once was buried

Jan 1, 1933

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS 29 West 39th Street, New .York, N. Y. PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP Address Member is hereby proposed by the undersigned, as a Associate Junior Member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Signatures of .-' three Members or Associates. Place of birth Year of birth Education, when, where and how acquired, with degrees, if any. " A technical education is not requisite for membership. Dates Please give record of experience on following page with dates; for example, in the form used by "Who's Who In America" and similar publications.

Jan 7, 1917

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y. PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP Mr.. Address Member is hereby proposed by the undersigned, as a Associate Junior Member .of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Signatures of three Members or Associates. Place of birth, Year of birth_ Education, when, where and how acquired, with degrees, if any. A technical education is not requisite for membership. Data Please give record of experience on following page with dates; for example, in the form used by "Who's Who In America" and similar publications.

Jan 10, 1917

By Lewis A. Smith

Chromium is one of the new metals, but considerable research has been required to determine an approximate record of its production from 1827 until the present. Its use in the form of pure metal is not extensive; of the chromite mined, about one-half is required for making ferrochro-mium, about two-fifths goes directly into refractories and the remainder is absorbed chiefly by the chemical trades. The industries that demand chromite for such uses are mainly in countries that produce little chromite, while the important chromite-producing countries are not generally consumers. The international flow of chromite is therefore of interest, as well as the political and commercial control of resources of the metal. World Production The first mining of chromite is said to have occurred as early as 1820, at the Roros deposit in Norway, but the first well-established output came from the Reed mine, in Maryland, about 1827. Thereafter the United States led the world in chromite production until 1860, when Turkey took the lead. Russia in turn became the chief producer from 1897 to 1902, inclusive. From 1903 to 1909, New Caledonia held first place, but alternated with Southern Rhodesia from 1910 to 1917, inclusive. In 1918, 1919 and 1920-1921, the United States, India and New Caledonia led, respectively. In 1922 Southern Rhodesia assumed first place and has since continued to be the world's foremost producer by a large margin. Fig. 1 illustrates the production of the leading countries from 1890 to 1929, inclusive. Fig. 2 shows the world production of chromite from 1890 to 1929, inclusive, in long tons and Table 2 gives the production by countries for the same period. The total world production for the 103 years, 1827 to 1929, ipclusive, is estimated at about 7,100,000 long tons, distributed as shown in Table 1. World Trade in 1928 In reviewing the figures for the flow of chromite in 1928, it is evident that the six countries that produce most consume little chromite and

Jan 1, 1931

By Ernest Burchard

FLUORSPAR is found in most of the states from the Rocky Mountains westward, and commercial production of the mineral has been reported from Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Washington. The map in Fig. 1 indicates the general distribution of many of these deposits but it is by no means complete. In the summer of 1926 the writer examined certain deposits of fluor-spar in Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico and Washington; in November, 1927, revisited the Jamestown, Colo., district, and in earlier years examined deposits in Colorado and New Mexico. Based on notes of his own and. on descriptions and other data by H. A. Aurand, H. W. Davis, R. B. Ladoo, V. C. Heikes, W. D. Johnston, Jr., and by producers of fluorspar, he prepared the following brief descriptions of deposits and estimates of reserves of fluorspar, originally for the use of the subcommittee on fluorspar of the Joint Committee on Foreign and Domestic Mining Policy and on Industrial Preparedness respectively of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America and the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. Descriptions of many fluorspar deposits in various western states and districts have been published. It is not feasible to summarize this literature here, but the appended bibliography will indicate to the interested reader what papers are available.

Jan 1, 1933

(Members, are urged -to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members,). Members and guests R: ho called at Institute headquarters during the period Dec: 10, 1916 to Jan. 10, 1917: F. L. Antisell, Perth Amboy, N. J. William Kelly, Vulcan, Mich. F. J Brulé, Toronto, Ont., Canada. W. H. Lanagan, San Francisco, Cal. Zar T. Crittenden, The. Pas, Mau, Canada. S. Lefevre, Forest Glen, N Y Thomas F. Donnelly, Tucson, Ariz. ' D. A. Lyle, St..David's, Pa. - John Davenport, Brighton, 14 lass. -Domingo Nugués, Buenos Aires, Argon-. E. E. Ellis, Birmingham, Ala. tine. N. H. Emmons, 3d, Copperhill, Tenn. - H. L. Scaife, Clinton, S. C. W.. E. Erdofy, New York, N. Y. Mortimer A. Sears, Washington, D. C. C. L. French, New York, N. Y. E. Spurny, New York, N. Y.' , M. H. Gannon, Butte,. Mont. R. K. Stockwell, Santiago, Chile. R. E. Hoffman, Hannibal, Mo. Benjamin F. Tibby, Salt Lake City, Utah. C. Vey Holman, Rockland, Me. Arthur P. Watt, St. Francois, Mo. Arthur P. Allen has left the employ of the Calumet &- Hecla Mine and is now with the Highland Min. Co., Ashcroft, B. C., Canada. H: C. Bellinger has been appointed. general manager of the Chuqui- - c mata mine-of the Chile Exploration Co. -

Jan 2, 1917

By Karl Sundberg

INTERESTING results were recently obtained in geophysical prospecting at the Questa mine of the Molybdenum Corpn. of America in New Mexico. This paper describes that survey, which was carried out during October and November, 1927, by the Swedish American Prospecting Corpn. It is hoped that the paper will make it possible for the mining man to form an opinion of the applicability of geophysical prospecting under difficult conditions, showing, as it does, the results when prospecting for small small orebodies with comparatively poor conductivity, in a region of rough topography. Some principles underlying electromagnetic prospecting not known to be published previously will also be given in an elementary way, with special attention to the general structure of the electromagnetic field. GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AT QUESTA The property is situated in the Taos range of the Rocky Mountains in northern New Mexico. About this region, L. C. Graton says:1 The main range is made up of pre-Cambrian granites, gneisses and schists but in the vicinity of Red River igneous rocks of later age are present almost to the exclusion of the older series. These younger rocks are divisible into two groups. The older of the two, probably pre-Tertiary age, is represented by large intrusive masses of monzonite porphyry, usually containing considerable quartz. The more recent group comprises intrusive' and probably effusive dark-colored andesites and coarse andesitic breccias, some of which contain fragments of the monzonite; there are also flows of rhyolite and beds of rhyolite breccia. The evidence regarding the relative age of the andesite and the rhyolite is not wholly satisfactory, but there is little doubt that the andesite is the older. The ore deposits, although occurring more commonly in the monzonite porphyry than in the rhyolite, nevertheless are believed to be genetically related to the rhyolite. They certainly cut the rhyolite or andesite in places, and hence fall in the late Tertiary.

Jan 1, 1928

By John W. Weeton, Max Quatinetz, Robert J. Schafer

Nickel powders of 1-, 0.4-, and 0.2- average particle size were combined with 0.05- p MgO powder. Oxide was added in quantities of 4, 12, and 20 vol pct. The mixtures were vacuum hot pressed and extruded at 2100°F. In spite of a general tendency to growth of oxide particles during processing, dispersions of fineness comparable to those of Sintered Aluminum Powder, SAP, were achieved. A small amount of oxide considerably improved 1800°F stress-rupture strength, but further oxide addition resulted in a decrease of strength. RECENTLY there has been much speculation concerning the requisites for strong and stable dispersion-strengthened alloys. The nature of the dispersed phase, the stability of the alloys, and variables influencing the mechanical properties of alloys have been given consideration. Such topics have been reviewed by Bunshah and Goetzel. Of the many parameters related to the mechanical properties of dispersion alloys, mean free path between dispersed particles (a measure of the fineness of the dispersion), particle size, and vol pct of the dispersed phase have been shown to be very important. Generally, strength increases with decreasing mean free path, and there is an optimum vol pct of dispersed phase. Just how fine a dispersion ought to be is somewhat open to debate, but Irmann, Lenel, Backensto, and Rose, Gregory and Grant,4 and others have shown in the original SAP-type alloys, aluminum plus aluminum oxide alloys, that better strength is generally obtained with finer dispersions and the best strengths were obtained when the mean free path was less than . Further, Cremens, and rant' showed that in nickel plus aluminum oxide alloys, stress-rupture strength at 1500°F was definitely increasing with decreasing mean free path. In their investigation, however, the finest dispersions that were produced were about 2.0 mean free path. To determine the potential of the nickel plus oxide type of product, it would be neces- sary to obtain dispersions analogous to those of SAP alloys; namely, ones where the mean free path between oxides is less than . Unfortunately, however, it is very difficult to produce extremely fine dispersions of oxides in metals other than those which naturally form refractory oxide skins. There are several approaches to this problem including such procedures as mechanical mixing, internal oxidation, reduction of mixed oxides, and metal deposition from solution. Work at the Lewis Research Center has shown that metal powders 0.1p or finer could be produced by ball milling, when selected grinding aids were utilized.' Because these unusually fine powders were available, it was an initial objective of this study to determine if by mixing of these fine Ni powders with various amounts of MgO (0.05) a fine dispersion of MgO in Ni comparable to those in Al-Al203 might be achieved. A second objective was then to attempt to relate the parameters of structure to 1800°F stress-rupture strength of the alloys. Nickel powders of 1-, 0.4-, and 0.2-p average particle size were combined with 0.05- average particle size MgO powder. This oxide was added in quantities of 4, 12, and 20 vol pct. The mixtures were hot pressed and extruded at 2100°F.

Jan 1, 1962

By H. W. Hitzrot, R. A. Limons, L. V. Fegan

The authors have developed and tested a new method for measuring pellet-bed temperatures in the traveling-grate or the shaft furnace. This method-using silver-palladium alloy wires as indicators-is less costly and less time-consuming than existing methods. Silver palladium wires, having specific melting points in the 2000° to 2500°F range, are enclosed in ceramic capsules. Each capsule is placed in a nichrome wire basket filled with a sample of green pellets, the baskets being the means for recovering the capsule after firing. After the encapsulated wires have been exposed to the firing cycle, the alloy wires are examined to determine the maximum temperatures attained by the pellet sample. This gives accurate, rapid determinations of maximum temperatures attained during pellet induration in either the traveling-grate or shaft furnace.

Jan 6, 1965

By H. Conrad, V. V. Damiano, G. J. London

A method is described for producing single crystals of high-purity beryllium, Be-4.37pct Cu, and Be-5.24 pct Ni. These crystals were prepared for testing in compression parallel to the [0001] by orienting and lapping to within ±3' of arc of the (0001). Microstrain testing apparatus is described along with c axis compression results for ingot purity beryllium, twelve-zone-pass material, and the above-mentioned alloys. Results show no measurable plasticity for the ingot purity material from -196" to 400°C, although some surface traces of (1122) slip was observed at 200°C and above. The twelve-zone-pass material shows substantial microstrain plasticity at 220°C with slip on (1122). Both alloys show significant plasticity at room temperature and above with slip also on (1122) planes. THE two slip systems which normally operate during the plastic deformation of beryllium in the vicinity of room temperature are:' basal slip (0001)(1120) and prism slip . Pyramidal slip with a vector inclined to the basal plane has been reported for elevated temperatures,'-a but occurs near room temperature only at very high stresses.~ A summary of the available data on the effect of temperature on the critical resolved shear stress for slip on these systems has been compiled by Conrad and Perlmutter.~ It has been postulated6'7 that one of the principal factors contributing to the brittleness of poly crystalline beryllium at temperatures below about 200°C is the difficulty of operating pyramidal slip with a vector inclined to the basal plane. Hence, detailed information on the operation of such a slip system is important to understanding the brittleness of beryllium. The operation of pyramidal slip with a vector inclined to the basal plane is best accomplished in beryllium by compressing single crystals in a direction parallel to the c axis. In such a test the resolved macroscopic shear strzss on the basal and prism planes is zero and (1012) twinning which is favored by tension along the c axis does not occur. Hence, in c axis compression of beryllium the normal deformation modes are inhibited and the operation of pyramidal slip with a vector inclined to the basal plane is favored. In the present investigation, c axis compression tests were performed on beryllium single crystal as a function of temperature (77" to 700°K), purity (commercial and twelve zone pass), and alloy content (4.37 wt pct Cu and 5.24 wt pct Ni). Presented here is a description of the test techniques employed and the gross mechanical behavior observed. A detailed analysis of the slip traces developed on the surfaces of the deformed specimens during these tests and the results of electron transmission studies of the deformed crystals are given in a separate paper.B PROCEDURE 1) Materials and Preparation. Single crystals about 1 in. diam were prepared of the following materials: commercial-purity beryllium, high-purity beryllium, and two beryllium alloys, one with 4.37 wt pct Cu and the other with 5.24 wt pct Ni. The commercial-purity single crystals were obtained by cutting specimens from large-grained ingot of Pechiney SR material, which is approximately 99.98 pct pure. The high-purity crystals were prepared by floating-zone refining (twelve passes) a rod (7 in. by 1 in, diam) of Pechiney SR grade cast and extruded beryllium. Although an absolute chemical analysis of the zone-refined material was not established, mass spectro-graphic analysis, emission spectrographic analysis, and y activation analysis indicated that it contained in atomic fractions about 5 to 10 ppm each of carbon and oxygen, 1 to 5 ppm each of nickel and iron, and about 1 to 2 ppm of copper, with the remaining residual impurities being less than 1 ppm. Further indication of the purity of this material is provided by the critical resolved shear stress for basal slip, which was approximately 300 psi. The starting material for the alloy single crystals was 1-in.-diam floating-zone-refined (six passes) rod of Pechiney SR grade beryllium. Two such rods were wrapped respectively with sufficient weight of wire of high-purity copper (99.999 pct) or nickel (99.999 pct) to yield a 5 wt pct alloy. A seventh floating-zone pass was then applied to each of the rods to accomplish the initial alloying and an eighth pass for homogenization. Analytical samples were taken from regions of the rod immediately adjacent to where the mechanical test specimens were cut; these indicated 4.37 wt pct Cu and 5.24 wt pct Ni. 2) Crystal Orientation. To avoid the occurrence of basal slip during c axis compression testing, it is necessary to load the crystals as nearly parallel to the c axis as possible. Preliminary c axis compression tests indicated that plastic flow and/or fracture occurred at stresses of the order of 300,000 psi; hence on the basis of a critical resolved shear stress for basal slip of 300 to 400 psi, the maximum crystal misorientation permitted is about 4 to 5' of arc. Since this accuracy cannot be obtained using the usual back-

Jan 1, 1969

By Graham Bright

THE rapid increase in reliability, the low cost f operation, the ready application of safety devices, and the growing availability of central-station power have made the question of installing a hoist of the electric type no longer debatable. Where adequate electric power is available, there are few cases where it would be advisable to install a steam or air hoist. The type of electrical equipment depends largely on the nature of the power supply, its capacity, and the form of the power contract under which power is purchased. In a large majority of cases, the available electric power is alternating current, three phase, 60 cycles. There is, however, considerable 25-cycle power in use; and in a few instances constant voltage direct current is the only power available for a small or an occasional medium-size hoist. Where a new hoist is to be installed, the designer of the mechanical parts can readily take care of the maximum stresses likely to be imposed by the' motor. Where the hoist is already installed and operated by steam or air and it is desired to substitute an electric motor for the engine, a careful check should be made to determine the advisability of using the old mechanical parts. In most cases it is better to install a complete new hoist than to attempt to use old mechanical parts. A steam engine has a definite maximum torque, which the hoist has been designed to withstand, while a motor may be able to deliver momentary torques beyond the strength of the mechanical parts of the hoist. The selection of the proper type of electrical equipment can only be made after complete information is obtained and certain calculations made to determine the capacities required. There are several methods used in making hoist calculations, but no matter what method is utilized a fair degree of familiarity with hoists and hoisting conditions is necessary before an intelligent analysis and proper selection can be made.

Jan 9, 1921

By S. Marion Tucker

THE aggregate number of "papers" read within any one year before more or less bored and bewildered audiences is simply appalling. We have seventy to eighty engineering societies alone, not to speak of the many hundreds of societies of every other imaginable kind. And each meets at least once a year to tell what it has found out since the last meeting. All this is very fine and fortunate, at least in the case of the scientific and technological societies; for if even only one significant discovery, one new truth, one new idea comes out at the meeting, the session has been abundantly justified. To many of us, not scientists or technologists, the scientific and technological societies seem to release by far the most useful and important information. What they have to say is often of prime importance directly to human life and to industry, and is perhaps even more important indirectly in its final influence upon social and economic conditions, thus ultimately determining the course of what we like to call civilization. The paper read by that quiet, unpretentious man on the platform ma; mean the revolutionizing of a great existing industry, the creation of an entirely new industry, the gain of millions of dollars to some persons, the loss of millions to others. But, lamentably,

Jan 1, 1940

By Su Zhen

Based on the technical features of the Feng- huang-shan concentrator, the authors have designed a new scheme for optimal search and self-adaptive control in flotation process, in order to apply computer control to the concentrator. Hence, a plant test of optimal control in bulk flotation of copper and iron sulfides was successfully carried out. The control parameters are xanthate addition, pulp level, and amount of aeration, etc., in flotation cells. Two mathematical models of multiple parameters established by the authors were adapted and flotation efficiency was used as an objective function in the control.

Jan 1, 1984

Ocean environmental factors are an intriguing new set of parameters to be dealt with in the prospecting and exploration phases of resource development for both the continental margins and the deep ocean. While information and data gathering programs for ocean minerals would parallel onshore procedures, their costs generally run higher. Commercial Prospecting-Identification of Mining Sites Two modes of prospecting can be identified-commercia1 prospecting (in which the ultimate objective is to define potential mining sites), and scientific prospecting, which is conducted with different objectives in mind. For ocean exploration, both types of prospecting are carried out prior to the obtaining of any exclusive rights to explore and exploit a specific deposit. Deepsea's John Flipse adds: "Any commercial prospecting program should by its very nature require the freedom to search wherever minerals might occur with maximum flexibility."

Jan 4, 1975

By C. J. Bonnecarrere, P. A. Jr. Bloomer, J. Hunter

Since 1941 not more than 15 per cent of aii wildcat wells drilled in Louisiana have been successful. This figure is not too discouraging, especially in view of the fact that during the same period approximately 80 per cent of all wells (average 701 wells per year) drilled in or adjoining producing areas were successfully completed. However, a somewhat discouraging aspect concerning Louisiana's wildcat completions is that in 1942 only 12 out of 20 fields found were oil fields; in 1943, only 13 out of 24; and in 1944, only 8 out of 21. This means that an operator has less than a 50:50 chance of finding an oil field. In other words, it is more likely that he will find a gas-condensate field. This fact has become increasingly evident as the data for each year are compiled and compared. Yet, strangely enough, operators are reluctant to accept this fact and plan accordingly. Certainly they cannot continue to search for oil fields and, for the most part, end with shut-in gas-condensate wells. The reason for shutting in is that there is no immediate and satisfactory market for all the gas being discovered. The solution, and it is a very satisfactory one, as experience in Louisiana has already demonstrated, is cycling. The advantages of this type of operation of gas-condensate fields, especially where the entire field is pooled and unitized, should be self-evident. These advantages will become increasingly more important, especially now that legislatures, regulatory bodies, royalty owners, and others are beginning to realize that "reasonable development" in a field is not indicated by the number of wells completed, but rather by the method of development. To complete a great many wells that can produce at only, partial capacity is waste. Producing hydrocarbons from these wells and not subjecting them to processing by surface operations, in order to recover all liquefiable hydrocarbons, is waste. Permitting bottom-hole pressures to drop or gas-oil ratios to increase because of excessive production is waste. Loss of leases and of wells because of inability to produce or to meet lease obligations is waste. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly apparent that a reservoir entirely pooled and unitized with a minimum number of completions, but over which there is exerted careful control so as to provide maximum recovery and the processing of all hydrocarbons brought to the surface, is the only logical and reasonable method of developing a gas-condensate field. Oil Production Twenty-one new fields, including three rediscoveries, were found during 1944. Three of these new discoveries—Delhi in northeast Louisiana, Good Hope in southeast Louisiana, and West Tepetate in southwest Louisiana—should add considerably to Louisiana's oil reserves. The other discoveries were either gas condensate or of apparently little consequence. State-wide productioll for 1944 was 1366 million barrels of crude oil and condensate; amounting to about 8.1 per cent of the

Jan 1, 1945

• Pellets of concentrated iron ore have been smelted in the blast furnace by Armco and the results proved satisfactory. Various percentages of pellet burdens were tried and it has been found that charges up to 70 pct pellets are workable. •In the reorganization of the Department of the Interior, two new assistant secretaries were appointed and the work divided between the four assistant secretaries. C. Girard Davidson will head a division of mineral resources including the Bureau of Mines, Geological Survey, Division of Oil and Gas and Division of Geography. •Germanium, one of the rarest of metals and a wartime strategic material, has been discovered almost in the shadow of the Capitol. The only catch is that the scattered nature of the deposits makes profitable recovery extremely doubtful. Nevertheless, experts have tabbed the concentration in the District of Columbia area the world's second richest known concentration of the element. • Cakes of mica, weighing up to 500 lb, have been formed at the Colorado School of Mines by a new "cool hearth" method. The process avoids use of crucibles and contains the molten mica in a basin of unmelted raw mixture from which the melt was derived. Crystallization takes place in this melting basin which forms a center pool surrounded by a solid cool mass of the unmelted raw mixture. • William 1. Baxter, of the International Economic Research Bureau, predicts a period of deflation because of war-essential restrictions on consumer credit and materials use. He stated; "the recent prosperity was based mainly on the sales boom in autos, homes, and household accessories." •Two subsidiaries of United States Steel have decided to build four new ships immediately to augment iron ore and limestone carrying capacity on the Great Lakes to meet demands created by the national defense emergency. •The Norfolk and Western Railway is making a complete change over to coal to drive its locomotives. •A national roster of scientific personnel similar to the one used in the last war will be established by the Office of Education, by agreement with the National Security Resources Board. The new unit, the National Scientific Register Project, will make studies of the Nation's scientific manpower supply and recommend steps to increase the numbers of skilled personnel where needed. •National Lead Co. will start construction immediately of new facilities at St. Louis, Mo., for production of titanium pigments for paints. Producers of titanium pigments have been under considerable pressure to meet all demands from paint manufacturers, particularly for titanium dioxide. •The basic criteria for deferment of reservists in civilian occupations are (1) the Department of Labor List of Critical Occupations, and (2) the Department of Commerce List of Essential Activities, both of which were announced Aug. 3. Fundamentally, the reservist deferred must be engaged in a critical occupation which is necessary to a highly essential activity, and he will be deferred only until he can be satisfactorily replaced in that occupation. A delay in call to active duty, it was emphasized, may not be considered as an indefinite exemption from military service.

Jan 9, 1950

By John R. Dyni

Colorado nahcolite deposits, estimated at 29 Gt, formed in an asymmetric permanent-lake basin whose waters were rich in algae and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Nahcolite (NaHCO3) occurs in oil shale of the Green River Formation (Eocene) as aggregates (62%), disseminated crystals (24%), and impure beds (13%). Because much of the nahcolite is nonbedded, it will be mined with oil shale and can be concentrated to marketable grade by crushing and screening. Impurities in nahcolite are kerogen, quartz, pyrite, and carbonate minerals. A promising new market for nahcolite is in the process of removal of sulfur dioxide from industrial stack gases. When heated, nahcolite reacts with sulfur dioxide to form sodium sulfate. Differences in thermally induced microporosity may explain why nahcolite is more reactive than trona, a Possible competitor with nahcolite for SO2 removal. Limited production of nahcolite at one or possibly two localities is expected in the next several years, but large-scale production is probably at least 10 years away.

Jan 1, 1982

PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR HOWARD N. EAVENSON PITTSBURGH, PA PAST PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS SCOTT TURNER WASHINGTON, D. C. FREDERICK M BECKET NEW YORK, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENT, TREASURER AND DIRECTOR KARL EILERS NEW YORK, N. Y

Jan 1, 1935

By H. W. Immolz

The Palo Pinto limestone pools of Jones and Shackelford Counties were defined and almost fully developed during the year. A new Palo Pinto limestone pool was apparently discovered when the K. B. Nowels NO. 1 Pardue, S.F.I. and W. survey, south central Haskell County, was completed for a small well in Palo Pinto limestonc at 3395 to 3421 feet. In Haskell County, Amerada Petroleum Corporation's C. J. Kleiner, J. M. Cass survey, drilled to the Ellenburger with a total depth of 5607 ft., where it was abandoned. A Bluff Creek sand field of undetermined size was discovered by the Fain-McGaha No. 1 Dawson-Conway, P. G. Holcomb survey, which was chompleted for 37 bbl. at 1496 feet. The Cook field was extended by the Roeser-Pendleton B-113 Cook in sec. 113, E.T.R.R. Co. survey, the well being completed for 510 bbl. from Cook sand encountered at 1545 to 1568 feet. Several shallow pools of minor importancc mere also discovered in Shackelford County during the year. In Jones County the Lewis and the Steffens fields, in block 15, T. and P.R.R. Co. survey, were further developed during the year but the limits of the Steffens field were not definitely defined. The most, important discovery in Jones County was the Guitar field, where most of the wells that had been producing from the Cook sand were deepened to the Hope limestone, a new producing horizon. In Taylor County, the Bowles field, see. 28, B.A.L. survey, was defined arid proved to he of minor importance. The Goldsboro and Novice area, ill northwest Coleman County, continued to hold considerable interest because of the developments near the town of Novice, where new Ieases continued to be opened for production. Nolan County was placed in the ranks of the producing counties when the S. B. Owens No. 1 Tipton, sec. 43, block 19, T. and P.R.R. Co. survey,

Jan 1, 1940

By H. W. Immolz

The Palo Pinto limestone pools of Jones and Shackelford Counties were defined and almost fully developed during the year. A new Palo Pinto limestone pool was apparently discovered when the K. B. Nowels NO. 1 Pardue, S.F.I. and W. survey, south central Haskell County, was completed for a small well in Palo Pinto limestonc at 3395 to 3421 feet. In Haskell County, Amerada Petroleum Corporation's C. J. Kleiner, J. M. Cass survey, drilled to the Ellenburger with a total depth of 5607 ft., where it was abandoned. A Bluff Creek sand field of undetermined size was discovered by the Fain-McGaha No. 1 Dawson-Conway, P. G. Holcomb survey, which was chompleted for 37 bbl. at 1496 feet. The Cook field was extended by the Roeser-Pendleton B-113 Cook in sec. 113, E.T.R.R. Co. survey, the well being completed for 510 bbl. from Cook sand encountered at 1545 to 1568 feet. Several shallow pools of minor importancc mere also discovered in Shackelford County during the year. In Jones County the Lewis and the Steffens fields, in block 15, T. and P.R.R. Co. survey, were further developed during the year but the limits of the Steffens field were not definitely defined. The most, important discovery in Jones County was the Guitar field, where most of the wells that had been producing from the Cook sand were deepened to the Hope limestone, a new producing horizon. In Taylor County, the Bowles field, see. 28, B.A.L. survey, was defined arid proved to he of minor importance. The Goldsboro and Novice area, ill northwest Coleman County, continued to hold considerable interest because of the developments near the town of Novice, where new Ieases continued to be opened for production. Nolan County was placed in the ranks of the producing counties when the S. B. Owens No. 1 Tipton, sec. 43, block 19, T. and P.R.R. Co. survey,

Jan 1, 1940