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By T. R. Skerry, H. P. Hudson, T. E. Warren

"ALTHOUGH coal is generally the cheapest fuel on the basis of heating value it has been at a disadvantage in competition with other fuels because means have not been available for efficient •Conversion of its thermal energy to mechanical work. Taking the •railway application •as an example, the cost of Diesel oil is about three times that of its thermal equivalent in coal, but the overall efficiency of a Diesel locomotive is about five times that of a coal-fired steam locomotive. Accordingly, the Canadian railways are replacing all coal-fired steam Locomotives, as they are retired from service, with Diesel units. This conversion in itself represents a major loss to the coal industry because the value of railway fuel is approximately 130 million dollars per year, and there are other applications in the medium power range where oil is displacing coal. There is, therefore, a strong incentive to attempt development of an efficient coal-burning engine.Coal has never been a promising fuel for reciprocating internal combustion engines because of the time required for its combustion in pulverized form . This is not less than one-tenth of a second so that the speed of such an engine would have to be very slow. There are also serious difficulties of a mechanical nature arising from the necessity for intermittent combustion and the use of close-fitting pistons."

Jan 1, 1952

By M. A. Halim, V. I. Lakshmanan, Z. Jankovic

An innovative mixed-chloride process for the separation of iron from lateritic ore is described. The separation of Fe(III) from leach liquor is an important process step for the recovery of nickel and cobalt. The patented process of Process Research ORTECH Inc. uses a lixiviant containing hydrochloric acid (HCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) for the leaching of lateritic ores/concentrates followed by the selective solvent extraction step of Fe(III) over other value metals such as Ni and Co. The use of MgCl2 increases the activity of the hydrogen ion in the lixiviant, which reduces the consumption of HCl in the leaching stage and enhances the formation of HFeCl4-, thereby increasing the solvent extraction efficiency of Fe(III) with ketone. The process produces high purity iron oxide (Fe2O3) and regenerates HCl by the pyrohydrolysis of the FeCl3 rich pregnant strip solution. The developed process flowsheet is in closed loop, economically attractive and environmentally friendly.

Jan 1, 2015

By M. Bourassa, P. Roy

"This paper describes the automation of Kiena's grinding circuit which comprises an open SAG mill circuit and a closed ball mill circuit with two stages of hydrocyclones. The circuit has been instrumented according to a two level control strategy.The regulatory control strategy is implemented in an industrial controller. This controller does data filtering and calculation (flowrate and solid content) and regulates the pump box levels (2), the water additions: or the pulp percent solids (4) and the fresh ore feed rate.The supervisory control calculates for the industrial controller, the fresh ore feed rate setpoint and the pulp percent solids setpoints in order to optimize the grinding circuit operation. It is made of two modules, one for data filtering and one for control optimization. The filtering program uses modern tools to adjust the measured value and estimate missing data (dynamic material balance, on line estimation of model parameter, etc.). The control program acts as an expert system which combines the benefits of model-based control and rule-based control. A multivariable predictive controller (DMC) is used to maintain the circulating load and the hydrocyclones feed percent solids (which is correlated to particle size) while the rule-based control validates the previous output, detects and avoids the SAG overloads and sump pumps overflows.The system has been operating since MAY 1992 and the benefits obtained are discussed.INTRODUCTIONIn 1990, Les Mines d'Or Kiena decided to go ahead with a project for automating its grinding circuit as proposed by the Centre de recherché minerals (CRM). Its objectives in doing so were to marginally increase production capacity (1 % ) and to create a new challenge for plant staff. The main stages of the project, which involved CRM, Kiena Mines and a consultant, are shown in Table 1. The project was completed in May 1992 with the implementation of a supervisory control system. This text describes the main features of the system with a special focus on its most innovative aspects."

Jan 1, 1993

By David Sanscartier, Elizaveta Petelina, Alexey Klyashtorin

This paper provides an overview of the radiological risk mitigation approach applied by the Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC) for the remediation of 35 legacy uranium mine sites in northern Saskatchewan where uranium exploration and extraction took place in the 1950–60s. Mining activities resulted in an irregular increase of the gamma radiation dose rate (up to 18 μSv/h). The radiological objectives for the sites include a gamma dose rate at a spot (<2.5 μSv/h above local background), and the dose rate averaged over a hectare (<1 μSv/h above local background). These objectives are generally achievable at the impacted sites through the installation of shielding soil cover. This method may be impractical for site areas with rough terrain (e.g., steep slopes) and/or difficult access. A risk assessment approach is applied to determine if these areas can be safely left uncovered or if additional mitigation measures should be implemented. The risk assessment approach is based on two factors: (i) the ambient radiation dose rates collected through gamma surveys, and (ii) actual land use data collected through various surveys of activities of local community members at the sites. Exposure scenarios based on four land uses are applied to estimate a potential annual dose load for members of the public. The estimated doses are compared with the criterion of 0.3 mSv/a recommended by the Canadian Guidelines for the Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM). If the criteria are not satisfied, a mitigation plan is developed, and post-remediation gamma levels are modelled using GIS tools to evaluate the performance of the proposed mitigations. The proposed approach allows the team to optimize resources for the site remediation so that public exposure to NORM are as low as reasonably achievable after remediation.

Jan 1, 2020

By Sejong Kim, Younghoon Moon, Youngseon Lee, Eunyoo Yoon, Yonghyun Song

"Mg alloy has a high specific strength, however, their thickness reduction was limited on most parts because of their poor stiffness. Since the modulus of rigidity is an intrinsic property, improvement of modulus of rigidity to the enhancement of stiffness is impossible. Therefore, the modification of shape and structure is available method to enhance the stiffness of real part fabricated by Mg alloy sheet. There are many thin walled parts which are located in outer section of electromagnetic system.Poor stiffness is often shown on wide surface area part with steel sheet, which has also high modulus of rigidity. In these cases, various groove patterns are used to increase the stiffness of part. However, some different methods have to be used when general groove pattern can’t be used. So, we would like to propose some new method to high stiffness on thin walled precision forging of Al or Mg alloys.An effect of proposed method on stiffness enhancement can be confirmed by fabrication of prototypes as well as structure and forming analysis based on FEM."

Jan 1, 2015

By R. D. Westervelt

IN JULY 1954, the first iron ore from the deposits in the Knob Lake vicinity was mined and shipped to Seven Islands. The beginning of the production may well be the greatest advance in Canadian economy in the past fifty years. In 1955, the Canadian iron ore output was more than twice that of 1954, an in-crease due principally to the iron ore shipments from the Knob Lake area. Previous to this, Canada&apos;s iron production was 1.85 per cent of the world&apos;s output. Now, this percentage has risen to approximately 5.5 per cent and shows every indication of increasing further as the production rate from the area is increased. In 1955 the Iron Ore Company of Canada shipped over 7 million tons of iron ore and expects to ship over 10 million tons in 1956. Present facilities may be enlarged to handle up to 20 million tons per year. If the expected I 0 million tons per year are exported, Canada&apos;s iron exports will be second only to her wheat and newsprint exports. Before production began from the Knob Lake deposits, years of development were necessary in the area. Geologists spent several summers mapping the general area in order to unravel the complicated stratigraphy and petrology. Particular attention was paid to the mapping of the iron formation and all stages of alteration from fresh iron formation to ore were observed.

Jan 1, 1957

By C. A. Biley

"A dedicated iron removal stage was installed at Anglo American Platinum’s Rustenburg Base Metals Refiners (RBMR) during an expansion project which began execution in 2010. The Pressure Iron Removal (PIR) process aims to precipitate iron from a nickel leach solution under medium temperature (145 °C) oxidative conditions using caustic for neutralisation. Since commissioning, the process has been robust in removing iron from the refinery but has shown significant variability in the residues produced. These residues, which are typically comprised of ferrihydrite, hematite or natrojarosite, have varying iron contents and different physical properties which have implications for their filtration and ultimate removal from the refinery. Since over 95% of nickel plated at RBMR passes through the PIR section, volumetric constraints caused by poor filtration performance directly influence nickel production and stabilisation of this process remains central to the continued ramp-up of the refinery to full nameplate capacity. This paper details the development of the PIR process and the journey from concept to implementation. Recent laboratory and plant scale tests have highlighted the importance of the initial phase formed in the autoclave for the ultimate residue requiring filtration and how the feed acid concentration is a critical control parameter. On this basis, a new caustic dosing philosophy was implemented which improved pH control in the autoclave. Further optimisation of the PIR process is on-going.INTRODUCTIONIn 2010, an expansion of Rustenburg Base Metal Refiners (RBMR) to increase nickel production from 21 to 33 ktpa began execution. The management of iron was pivotal in the ultimate configuration in the new circuit and one of the primary differences from the original circuit was the addition of a dedicated iron removal stage: Pressure Iron Removal (PIR). A significant drive for this new unit operation was to facilitate the separation of iron from other leach residues. Not only did this result in a significant decrease in the amount of leach residue but, without the constraints associated with iron precipitation during leaching, has permitted more aggressive leaching conditions and, correspondingly, greater throughput and efficiencies.However, as with many commercial implementations of even mature technologies, the journey from development to implementation has presented challenges for the continued ramp-up of the refinery to full nameplate capacity. Specifically, since all nickel bearing leach solution must pass through the PIR section prior to the nickel purification and recovery circuit, throughput difficulties in the PIR section can directly impact supply of feed to the nickel tank house. Since commissioning, the PIR autoclave has effectively removed iron from the refinery, but has shown significant variation in the solids phases produced in the autoclave. This variation presents difficulties for the filtration of the discharge slurry and represents a key throughput limitation which periodically impacts production. Additionally, the increasing production rates associated with the ramp-up of the refinery have resulted in a significant increase in the required volumetric throughput through the PIR process. This has placed even greater emphasis on improving the stability of the solid phase produced in the autoclave, ultimately targeting an easily filterable residue with high iron content."

Jan 1, 2016

By D. Song

In this paper, the differential equations governing the mass transport and the electrochemical reaction in a cathode catalyst layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are solved based on the polynomial series expansion method. Explicit expressions for the polarization curve as well as for the distributions of oxygen, current density and overpotential are obtained when a quadratic, cubic or quartic polynomial is employed to approximate the oxygen concentration distribution. These kinds of explicit solutions are desirable for MEA design and diagnosis purposes. The comparison between the conventional numerical approach and the explicit solution approach proposed here shows that satisfactory accuracy can be reached by the first four terms of the polynomial series. The effect of the catalyst layer thickness on the accuracy of the obtained explicit polynomial solutions is also discussed.

Jan 1, 2005

By Jirí Faltus

The paper deals with studying the impact of structural properties and anodizing of surface on the corrosion properties of extruded rods from commercial aluminium alloys: AA6082, AA6262, AA6012, AA2007 and new lead-free aluminium alloys AA6023, AA2015 and AA2111B. Samples were exposed to the corrosive atmosphere NSS, AASS in the chamber by EN ISO 9227. Surface of samples were either in the original state or anodizing by selected mode. The depth of corrosion attack and the form of corrosion attack are evaluated depending on the type of alloy, the metallurgical condition and surface treatment of the samples.

Jan 1, 2015

By J. Weyer

"Threshold limit values (TLVs) for NO and NO2 have been reduced drastically in 2016. Emissions of diesel engines have been reduced in the last decades. In many cases this is not enough to stay under required TLVs. Remaining gas in the blasted rock is set free during loading and transport. At the end, only a combination of measures with a further reduction of diesel motor emission, replacement of diesel driven vehicles by electric equipment, new explosives with reduced NO and NO2 production, changes in the organization and effective ventilation measures can ensure that the TLVs are not exceeded. KEYWORDS Blasting fumes, Gas measurement, Gases, Threshold Limit Value (TLV) SHORT HISTORY OF EXTRACTION OF RAW MATERIALS The extraction of raw materials—besides haulage and transport—is one of the main processes in mining and tunneling. The principal objective is the creation of a material which can be transported from the place of extraction (face) to another place for further processing or direct use. Furthermore, recently a desired grain size distribution has become more important. A revolutionary development took place in the course of centuries. With the use of primitive tools like shovels, chisel and iron in the 12th/13th century in Freiberg, ore mines performances of 12 16 cm per man and week could be reached in cross section of 1 m2. Recalculated with an assumed average density, this is a performance of 0.006 t/h. With the introduction of black powder into the subsurface in 1627 by Caspar Weindl in the city of Schemnitz (nowadays Banska Stiavniza), performances increased. A part of the hard extraction work was now done by the explosives. But first in 1767, it was recognized in a mine in Freiberg that more than 1 hole could be drilled (hand-drilling) and blasted. This discovery was so important that a plate with an inscription describes this event. The performance was increased more than 10 times compared to the extraction with chisel and iron. Since this time, drilling and blasting has been the most important innovation force for the increase of the performance. Problems with noxious blasting fumes led to the construction of the first tunneling machine by Henry Joseph Mouse in 1846 (beside shield machines from 1825) (Stack, 1982)). The triumph of mining machines started only interrupted by the two world wars. The development of hard rock boring machines (including roadheaders) was enforced after 1945. An almost complete extraction by hard rock boring machines was predicted for the turn of the millennium. And, indeed, one could find powerful machines in Canadian potash mines which were able to mine 1000 t of potash in 1 hour. That was an increase in the performance by several powers of ten. But already in the 1980s, it was recognized that the ambiguous goal could not be reached. Problems with wear of the tools, radius of curves, minimal length of openings, size and costs of the machines led to a more or less parity between drilling and blasting on one side and machines on the other side, of course depending on the field of use. For this reason, drilling and blasting is still the dominant extraction technology for raw materials. In the development of drilling and blasting technologies, the focus was mainly on the improvement of the safety but also on the increase of the blasting power and performance. Examples are tests for the increase of the power of ANFO explosives which were carried out in the 1970s and 1980s, in the former teaching mine “Reiche Zeche”. In the 1980s vehicles for loading and mixing of ANFO explosives have been developed, the blasting cab sensitivity of ANFO has been increased, emulsion explosives have been developed and up to now further developments like PMMA LOX EX explosives are on the way. At the turn of the millennium, 6 million t/a explosives have been used worldwide. Annual rates of increase of 2% have been predicted (Weyer, 1999). Meanwhile the focus changed from an increase of the performance"

Jan 1, 2019

By R. K. Mishra, A. Kula, X. Jia, M. Niewczas

The mechanical properties of Mg-Gd and Mg-Y solid solutions have been studied under uniaxial tension and compression between 4K and 298K. The results reveal that Mg-Gd alloys exhibit higher strength and ductility under tension and compression attributed to the more effective solid solution strengthening effect and grain boundary strengthening. Profuse twinning has been observed under compression, resulting in a material texture with strong dominance of basal component parallel to compression axis. Under tension, twining is less active and the texture evolution is affected mostly by slip. The alloys exhibit pronounced yield stress asymmetry and significantly different work-hardening behaviour under tension and compression. Increasing of Gd and/or Y concentration leads to the reduction of the tension-compression asymmetry due to the weakening of the recrystallization texture and more balanced twinning and slip activity during plastic deformation. The results suggest that under compression of Mg-Y alloys slip is more active than twinning in comparison to Mg-Gd alloys.

Jan 1, 2015

By Walter Curlook

"With Inco recording record profits over the past year, most people have forgotten the painful years of the last recession/depression when Inco was losing up to a million dollars a day for a short period . While high nickel prices have contributed to the exceptional recent profits, the real achievements stem from the tremendous advances in productivity and cost improvements that make Inco one of the lowest cost nickel producers.Some of the major advances in productivity have occurred in the mines. The establishment of Mining Research Departments in both Thompson and Copper Cliff in 1979/80 provided the stimulus and the opportunity to dedicate personnel to specific research projects, on a full-time basis; and more particularly to concentrate on the efficiency of the total mine system. The Copper Cliff North Mine was brought back into production as a research mine dedicated to the development and testing of new mining methods and equipment. A shop facility known as the ""Murray Shop"" was set up as the centre of innovation for the development and construction of prototype equipment required for new bulk mining methods. While other expenditures were being curtailed , investment in mining research was being increased. An early success was an ""in the hole"" drill that could be broken down into small components to access even the remotest sectors of a mine to convert labour intensive undercut-and-fill mining to "" vertical crater retreat "" , VCR, bulk mining. A new mine manufacturing company-Continuous Mining Systems-was incorporated with the objective of building innovative mining equipment, with strong focus on automated continuous sytems. Continuous Mining Systems has now grown to a $25 million per year business. With these synergistic thrusts, the VCR bulk mining method was implemented in all of the Ontario Division mines, raising the percentage of ore mined by bulk mining techniques from 320/0 in 1981 to over 90% today. Coupled with re-designed job responsibilities, sup- ported by appropriate training, mine productivity more than doubled. It was discovered that VCR mining could be adapted to the narrower Thompson mine ores with identical improvements in productivity. Development of the Thompson Open Pit North had an additional favourable impact on production cost s in Thompson. The timing of the open pit development could not have been better. It permitted Inco to rapidly increase production at high productivity and low cost, in years of record demand and prices."

Jan 1, 1990

By R. Plassart, F. Laigle

"As a powerhouse, a transformer or a valve chamber, large underground caverns are a major element of hydropower plant. On the contrary to galleries and shafts which are linear and long underground structures, large caverns are designed with often complex geometries and large spans. Moreover, as these caverns are generally located on the foot of the hydraulic scheme, the high overburden is often responsible of a high stress state. Thanks to current experiences in France and around the world, the Hydro Engineering Centre (CIH) of EDF has defined great principles in the design of caverns leading to a more general methodology. The project of Tehri in India is an example of difficult ground, with in the same time a high overburden, a ductile material and an important schistosity. These physical realities are attempted to be approached in numerical modelling thanks to a constitutive law with softening behaviour and an oriented criterion integrated in the continuum model. As a result, a flexible support is advised, based on a high density bolt system and a thin lay of shotcrete. This methodology has been developed in the case of Gilboa in Israel, except the schistosity which has not been observed in situ. At last, the example of Gavet (France) illustrates a discontinuous case of numerical modelling for a good quality but fractured rock mass.PRINCIPES ET METHODES DE CONCEPTION DE GRANDES CAVERNESHYDROELECTRIQUES SOUTERRAINESRESUME Les grandes cavernes souterraines abritant les turbines, les transformateurs et certaines vannes sont des ouvrages majeurs dans les aménagements hydroélectriques. A la différence des galeries et des puits qui présentent de longs linéaires, les grandes cavernes sont des structures à la géométrie souvent complexe et avec des portées conséquentes. De plus, ces cavernes étant généralement situées en pied du circuit hydraulique, la grande couverture rocheuse peut se traduire par un état de contraintes important. Forte de ses expériences récentes en France et dans le monde, le Centre d’Ingénierie Hydraulique d’EDF a identifié de grands principes de conception des cavernes permettant l’élaboration d’une méthodologie plus générale. Le projet de Tehri en Inde est un exemple de terrain difficile, présentant à la fois une forte couverture, un matériau ductile et une schistosité marquée. Ces réalités physiques sont approchées au mieux grâce à la prise en compte dans les modélisations numériques d’une loi de comportement radoucissante avec un critère orienté intégré dans un modèle continu. Les résultats ont conduit à privilégier un soutènement souple basé sur un boulonnage systématique relativement dense associé à une fine couche de béton projeté. Cette méthodologie a ensuite été reprise pour le projet de Gilboa en Israël, exception faite de la schistosité puisque non observée sur site. L’exemple de Gavet (France) enfin permet d’illustrer un cas de modélisation numérique discontinue d’un massif rocheux de bonne qualité mais fracturé."

Jan 1, 2015

By M. Staite

This paper analyzed the feasibility of converting a 5kW natural gas SOFC power generator system designed to operate on natural gas to be fuelled by methanol. The analysis included laboratory methanol fuel processing experimentation, methanol reformate SOFC cell testing, and SOFC system mass and energy balance modelling. Methanol fuel processing experimentation indicated that theoretical reformate compositions can be achieved for high temperature (600-900°C) methanol steam reforming. A 6% open circuit voltage decrease and a 10% peak power current density decrease between cell operation on humidified hydrogen and methanol reformate was observed. SOFC system mass and energy balance modelling indicated that a natural gas SOFC system can be converted to operate on methanol fuel with minimal (1%) efficiency impacts, however the systems&apos; thermal integration can be impacted.

Jan 1, 2005

By F. R. Nogas

"Because of the elements of uncertainty and instabilitp associated with single-enterprise communities, there is increasing interest in the alternatives to developing additional new communities of this nature. Gulf Minerals Canada Limited has chosen a unique alternative means to accommodate employees at a new uranium mine/mill complex at Rabbit Lake in Northern Saskatchewan. Gulf has adopted a fly-in program which moves their staff from a 450-mile radius, in and out of the on-site facilities, on a 7-day rotation."

Jan 1, 1976

By K. Bachmann, M. Rudolph, U. A. Peuker, H. H. Duong, T. Heinig, T. Leißner, H. Schubert, Helmholtz-Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg

"Minerals can be liberated by random fracture of particles into smaller fragments or by detachment along phase boundaries. These two mechanisms represent borderline cases. When ores get comminuted the liberation of minerals is achieved to some extent by both mechanisms. This article describes a method to determine the extent of transgranular and intergranular fracture on surface exposure of minerals based on 2-dimensional liberation analysis.The approach uses the non-biased surface information like phase specific surface area (PSSA), phase specific free surface (PSFS) and phase specific locked surface (PSLS) of minerals and their change with comminution. The amount of transgranular and intergranular fracture on surface exposure can be calculated using the phase specific surface parameters.A sedimentary rock (apatite ore), an igneous rock (nepheline-syenite) and an artificial material (copper slags) were ground to different fineness. Based on the mineral liberation analysis (MLA) of feed and products, the extent of phase boundary fracture on the surface exposure of the minerals is studied.INTRODUCTIONMinerals can be liberated ether by comminution or by detachment (Gaudin, 1939). Liberation by comminution is a random fracture mechanism, which is not being influenced by ore texture, grain boundaries and mineral features (transgranular fracture). Liberation by detachment represents a fracture along grain boundaries (intergranular fracture). Random fracture often is named as the dominating mechanism for the liberation of ore minerals. This has been the basis to simplify models for liberation modelling (Barbery, 1991; King, 1979; Meloy, 1984) assuming that the probability of cracks moving along grain boundaries is zero. Thus, no interfacial area is lost during comminution."

Jan 1, 2016

By R. Llewellyn

"Wear damage is responsible for very high maintenance costs and significant production losses in the oil sands industry of northern Alberta.It affects all areas of operations and involves a panoply of wear mechanisms from low stress sliding abrasion at extremely frigid temperatures during winter mining, to elevated temperature erosion/corrosion in processes where bitumen is converted to lighter hydrocarbon products.There is no universal panacea to defend against such diverse attack and a wide selection of resistant materials and systems is employed. These range from relatively soft rubbers which rely on their elastic properties for their protective capability, to some of the hardest ceramics and cermets which are currently available commercially.Details are presented of the characteristics and forms of the variety of wear materials being used and how they relate to the requirements of their areas of application. The review focuses on the practices followed at Syncrude Canada Ltd., which is the larger of the two commercial oil sands plants."

Jan 1, 1997

By L. C. So, S. Faucher, S. Mostaghel, A. Triwahyuono, D. Sauter, S. -Y. Oh, S. K. Lee, K. Aswin

"Molten hauling and water granulation are the commonly used slag treatment methods in the production of nickel. Water is present in these processes either to accelerate cooling of the dumped slag or in the granulation itself which creates an inherent safety risk of explosions. Even good design and operation are not sufficient to prevent explosions or injuries from occurring. Several dry methods to treat slags have been intensely studied. However, most of these technologies have never been commercialized due to numerous challenges including scalability, cost, low heat recovery efficiencies, and difficulties in heat utilization. Ecomaister-Hatch has recently developed and commercialized a reliable and simple Dry Atomization process, which eliminates water and allows for heat recovery. As part of the development towards other sectors, laboratory-scale and pilot-scale trials have been completed in a number of base metals and PGM facilities. Recently, Dry Atomization of a nickel laterite slag was successfully demonstrated at the laboratory-scale. The current paper introduces the technology and reports the test results obtained from atomization of the nickel slag.INTRODUCTION The processing of nickel laterites produces vast amounts of slag with over 90% of the feed to the furnace reporting as slag. Slag handing is therefore of critical importance to a laterite smelter. Traditionally there are two ways in which the slag is handled (1) Molten hauling, dumping, cooling and quarrying (2) Water granulation, dewatering, stockpiling. There are inherent disadvantages of both methods that will be outlined in this paper. An alternate route of Dry Atomization provides distinct advantages over the two conventional routes that are of particular interest to the nickel producer such as elimination of molten hauling, dumping and quarrying, elimination of water and improved safety. There is also the potential to convert the slag, which is typically regarded as a waste product, into a value added product and the continuous nature of slag tapping makes it amenable to heat recovery. Hatch has recently conducted laboratory-scale test work on laterite slag to demonstrate its viability for Dry Atomization. Results of this work are presented."

Jan 1, 2017

By Doug Milne

Linking Classification Systems with each other Similar Parameters between systems Different Rock Mass Properties Rock Mass Classification parameters and geology Different sources of data Commonly Used Rock Mass Classification Systems Q? = Q with SRF = 1.0 RMR? = RMR with no joint orientation correction RMR76 = 9lnQ + 44 RMR?76 = 9lnQ? + 44 RMR76 = RMR89-5 RMR?76 = GSI = RMR89-5 MRMR = ??MRMR

May 1, 2013

By A. McGrath, M. Trovant, M. Haque

Minimizing energy consumption is a priority for many industrial facilities. Metallurgical and gasification processes produce dirty syngas (CO and H2), which offers the potential for energy recovery. However, syngas handling can pose an explosion risk and even minor leaks can result in poor workplace hygiene. Furthermore, many jurisdictions around the world now discourage wet syngas handling due to limited water availability and secondary pollution. Hatch has developed a 100% positive pressure gas handling system that targets these safety hazards without using fresh water. The implementation of a system for calcium carbide smelters at Qinghai Salt Lake Industry Co. (QSLIC) in China is profiled as a case study.

Jan 1, 2015