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By A. C. Fieldner

[The Sectional Committee on Classification of Coals, functioning under the sponsorship of the American Society for Testing Materials and the rules of the American Standards Association, in its 1934 report recommended to the American Society for Testing-Materials that Specifications for Classification of Coals by Rank be adopted as tentative. These specifications, slightly modified as recommended by the Sectional Committee, in its 1935 report,6 wore approved as tentative standards by the society in 1935. The specifications rover the classification of coals according; to their degree of metamorphism, or progressive alteration, in the natural eerie s from lignite to anthracite. The basic scheme of classification is according to fired carbon and calorific value (expressed in B.t.u.) calculated to the mineral-matter-free basis. The higher-rank coals are classified according to fixed carbon on the dry basis, and the lower-rank coals according to B.t.u. on the moist basis, that is, containing its natural bed moisture but free of visible surface moisture. Agglutinating and weathering indices arc used to differentiate between certain adjacent groups.]

Jan 1, 1935

By Sidney Katell

This report, covering the period January 1967 through December 1967, is a continuation of a series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1949. It is the ninth in a series of reports prepared in cooperation with the American Association of Cost Engineers. The abstracted articles are concerned with all phases of cost engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects. They are from the following sources: 1. American Association of Cost Engineers Bulletin. 2. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars. 3. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 4. Chemical Engineering. 5. Chemical Engineering Progress. 6. Chemical Week.

Jan 1, 1968

By J. J. Taber

This is the final report on Grant No. G0144067. The report presents the results of a number of laboratory studies carried cut in several different ways to determine the effectiveness of foam for blocking the flow of gas in coal. The effectiveness; (of foam for retarding or blocking the flow gas in various porous media has been observed by many investigators1-4 but we are not aware of similar detailed studies in coal. Because of the diversity of our experiments, the key findings and general conclusions are presented very briefly in Section II. As a convenience to the reader a complete table of cements is included to enable the reader to find those experiments and studies of greatest interest.

Jan 1, 1976

By J. W. Thompson

The term "minerals" when employed in a conveyance in the State of West Virginia is understood to include every inorganic substance which can be extracted from the earth for profit, whether it be solid, as rock, fire clay, the various metals and coal, or liquid, such as salt, and other mineral waters and petroleum oil and gas. Horse Creek Land & Mining Co. v. Midkiff (West Virginia), 95 Southeastern 26, p. 27. TERM INCLUDES OIL AND OAS. The term "minerals" used to describe the interest in land granted or reserved bona fide includes petroleum oil and natural gas. Horse Creek Land & Mining Co. v. Midkiff (West Virginia), 95 Southeastern 26, p. 27. INJUNCTION TO PREVENT RElllOVAL. The removal of ore from the premises of another without his consent will be enjoined. Barnes v. Esch (Oregon), 169 Pacific, 512, p. 518. TITLE TO MEXICAN BULLION-JURISDICTION OF FEDERAL COURTS TO DETERMINE. Where bullion within the jurisdiction of the Mexican Government was seized, condemned, and sold for war supplies by the Constitutionalist forces in the revolution acting under authority from Gen. Carranza, claiming to be the provisional President of the Republic of Mexico, a United States district court of Texas, into which State the bullion has been imported from Mexico, has jurisdiction to try and adjudge as to the validity of the title acquired by and through the seizure, appropriation, and sale by the Carranza forces as against an American citizen claiming ownership of such bullion prior to its seizure.

Jan 1, 1919

By C. R. Sponsler, O. C. Blade

"INTRODUCTION This report on the properties of motor fuels sold through service stations in the United States is a continuation of a series of reports made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Coordinating Research (CFR) Committee of the Coordinating Research Coouncil (CRC) 4/ and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior. The first of these reports presented data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-36. 5/ Further reports were issued describing motor gasolines sold during the succeeding summers and winters to and including the summer of 1941. 5/ reports were made on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1941-42 and during the summer of 1942. However, starting with the winter of 1942-43, the semiannual reports were resumed. 5/The present report presents analytical data for samples, representing the products of approximately 100 companies. Most of the samples represented in this report were obtained during December 1)55 and January 194o. As in previous surveys, the companies covered by the survey include both large and small suppliers. Conforming to former reports, the data cover three groups of samples - regular-price, premium-price, and third-grade gasolines.As the number of analyses submitted for samples of third-grade gasoline are not considered adequate to represent this type of motor fuel, data for the analyses have not been averaged, but the individual items are tabulated. The number of samples, items, and brands comprising each group is as follows:Regular-price, 1,958 samples, 317 items, and 96 brands; premium-price, 1, samples, 292 items, and 85 brands; third-grade, 58 samples, 22 items, and 14 brands. The meanings of these terms as used in the surveys are as follows;"

Jul 1, 1946

By John P. McDonnell

Cable supports offer several advantages over traditional secondary support methods by enhancing stress redistribution to pillars and gob areas, minimizing or eliminating timbers and cribs that reduce ventilation, eradicating material-handling injuries related to placement of crib supports, and providing a cost-effective alternative to secondary support. The U.S. Bureau of Mines, in researching alternatives to traditional roof support methods, designed and installed high-strength cable supports to improve the stability of longwall gate road and bleeder entries in a Western U.S. coal mine. With the cooperation of industry, methods were developed to install cable supports in a tailgate and bleeder entry test area using traditional resin cartridges. Resin-grouted cable bolts were also installed and evaluated in additional longwall gate road and bleeder entry systems at the study mine. The cable-bolted areas successfully maintained roof support throughout the tailgate and bleeder entries. Cable supports replaced wood cribbing as secondary support in the bleeder entry system and minimized the use of cribbing in the longwall tailgate entries. This report describes the theory, application, and advantages of cable supports and presents mine measurements made to assess the cable performance during the retreat process of longwall mining.

Jan 1, 2010

By E. Chin

The countries of Asia and the Pacific, with their large mineral resource base, are significant suppliers of a wide variety of minerals to both regional and world markets. Australia, China, and India dominate the commercial mineral exploitation in the region. Australia has known reserves of major minerals, which are adequate for both domestic demand, and for exports, and is a significant producer of bauxite; copper; diamond; gold; iron ore; lead; manganese; mineral sands (titaniferrous minerals, monazite, and zircon); nickel; salt; silver; tin; uranium; and zinc. China is the world leader in proven reserves of antimony, barite, ilmenite (titanium), magnesite (magnesium), molybdenum, rare earths, and tungsten. China also has large resources of low-grade iron ore and significant resources of other mineral commodities, such as coal, based on its production and export capabilities. India has significant resources of bauxite, barite, graphite, iron ore, and mineral sands.

Jan 1, 1995

By Chas. F. Jackson

The work of the mining division is divided between seven sections, each in charge of a supervising engineer, as follows: 1. Metal-mining methods section, the supervising engineer of which is also supervising engineer of the Southwest Experiment Station at Tucson, Ariz. 2. Metal-mining research section. 3. Nonmetal minim section. 4. Coal-mining section. 5. Mine-ventilation section. 6. Mineral-industries survey section. 7. Electrical section. The names of the sections indicate broadly the fields covered by each, and in the following pages the objectives and type of work of each section will be summarized briefly and the active problems listed. The work done during the calendar year 1936 will also be summarized.

Jan 1, 1937

By Sean Gallagher, William S. Marras, Alan S. Litsky, Deborah Burr

This paper describes a comparison of the fatigue failure responses of older versus younger lumbar spine cadaver motion segment specimens. These specimens were repeatedly subjected to loads simulating those experienced by the spine in lifting a 9 kg load in different torso flexion postures (0, 22.5, and 45 degrees of flexion). An older sample of 36 motion segments (average age 81 years + 8 SD) is compared with a younger sample of 18 motion segments (average age: 47 years + 9 SD) with respect to the number of cycles to failure and results of survival analyses evaluating the effects of flexion and bone mineral content with and without the younger data set. Compared to the older sample of spines, the younger sample exhibited many more cycles to fatigue failure in all the torso flexion conditions (10020 versus 8267 average cycles to failure in 0 degrees flexion, 7124 versus 3262 in 22.5 degrees flexion, and 3229 versus 263 cycles to failure in 45 degrees flexion). The increased cycles to failure in young specimens is likely due to the increased bone mineral content (BMC) in younger motion segments (30.7 g + 11.1 g per motion segment versus 27.8 + 9.4 g). Cox regression analyses modeling both flexion effects and BMC indicate that betas are similar when just older spines are modeled and when younger specimens are included in the analysis. Betas for survival analysis models with and without younger specimens generally show little change for flexion (2.716 versus 2.756 for 22.5 degrees [0 degrees referent], 3.926 versus 3.380 for 45 degrees [0 degrees referent]). Bone mineral content shows a similar protective effect in both models (Betas: -0.127 versus -0.087). Overall, comparison of the models indicate that risk ratios are similar for 22.5 degrees flexion, slightly increased for 45 degrees flexion and slightly more protective influence predicted for BMC in the combined sample versus the older sample alone.

By G. W. Jones

From evidence made available during the investigation, it was concluded that the first of a series of explosions occurred at 1:15 to 1:20 p.m. September 21, 1951, in an underground vault that housed pressure regulators on the gas-distribution lines that served Brighten. This explosion damaged the pressure regulators and permitted high-pressure gas to enter the distributing mains and individual-service lines. As a part of the gas-distribution system was not provided with means for protection against such excessive pressures, gas gained access to the interiors of many residences in this area and caused a series of disastrous explosions and fires, which took place during a period of approximately 2 hours after the initial explosion in the pressure-regulator vault. Two persons were killed in the first explosion in a residence, and a third person died of a heart attack attributed to the excitement that prevailed during the explosions and fires, Twenty-three persons were listed as injured. Forty-one residences were either destroyed or damaged - 11 by explosion and the remainder by fires, which developed as a result of gas leakage into residences. Fifteen residences were listed as "completely down" or "gutted." Unofficial estimates of property damage ranged from $1,000,000 to $1,500,000. In view of observations made and information obtained during the investigation, recommendations are presented in this report relative to the natural-gas distribution system in Brighton, which may be helpful in the prevention of similar accidents in this and other communities.

Jan 1, 1952

By W. A. Grosh

Records show that much of the lead produced in the Upper Mississippi Valley lead-zinc field was taken from natural openings along crevice systems at shallow horizons or at the surface. During the early history of the district, the shallow deposits were worked intensively; but in recent years the production of lead, except as a byproduct of deeper mining for zinc ores, has not been significant. Considering the methods of early mining, the character of mineralization, and the fact that galena can still be found on the surface of the old digging areas, it was reasoned that enough mineralization might remain on and above bedrock to permit, through the use of modern equipment and methods, economical re-treatment of surface material in the digging areas.

Jan 1, 1960

By J. W. Thompson

ORES PROCESS OF ORE CONCENTRATION-PATENTABILITY. The patent issued to Sulman, Pickard, and Ballot, November 6, 1905, and assigned to Minerals Separation and Minerals Separation American Syndicate, for new and useful improvements in ore concen- tration, its object being to separate metalliferous matter from gangue by means of oils and fatty acids that have a preferential affinity for such metalliferous matter, the principal feature of which is "agitat- ing the mixture to cause the oil-coated mineral to form a froth," was clearly anticipated by other patents, and each step in the process described in the Sulman, Pickard, and Ballot patent is fully described in more than one of the prior patents, with the single exception of the reduced quantity of oil used; but the discovery that the small fraction of oil is sufficient to produce flotation of the metalliferous matter can not be made by itself or in combination, the subject of a patent. Hyde v. Minerals Separation, 214 Fed., 100, p. 109, May, 1914. ACTION FOR CONVERSION OF MINERALS. In an action by the grantor of a certain mine and mining property against his grantee to recover damages for the conversion of a quantity of ore that the grantor before the conveyance had mined and extracted from the mine and placed on the dump near the mine, the plaintiff is not entitled to recover where it appears that at the time the ore was placed on the dump the mine was owned and operated by a mining company and that at the time the ore was taken out of the mine the company had no intention of doing anything with it but simply deposited it on the dump as waste and to give an opportunity to develop the mine and get better ore to send to the smelter, and that

Jan 1, 1915

By Ivor Hawkes

The purpose of the development described in this report and as stated in the contract work statement is to "design, develop, fabricate, test and demonstrate, and deliver to the government permissible low cost cylindrical stress gauges and associated components capable of measuring change of stress as a function of time in underground coal mines. The cylindrical stress gauges shall be suitable for installation in bore holes". The technique adopted for measuring rock stress changes is to preload a steel cylinder diametrically across the sides of a 1-1/2 in diameter bore hole and detect deformation of the cylinder from stress changes in the rock, by means of a vibrating wire transducer. By calibration, changes in the period (time for one wire oscillation at the natural frequency) of a high tensioned wire stretched diametrically across the cylinder in the direction of load application are related to stress changes in the rock. To completely evaluate the stress field change in the plane of the bore hole, three gauges set at an angle to each other are required.

Jan 1, 1973

By Joseph J. Wallace

1. The Investigation shows that there are six coal beds of major importance in McDowell County from the standpoint of present production - Pocahontas No. 3, Pocahontas No. 4, Pocahontas No. 5, Sewall, Beckley, and Pochontas No. 6 - and five beds of minor importance - Iaeger, Douglas, Welch, Pocahontas, No. 9, and Eagle. The Pocahontas No. 3 bed contains the largest remaining, known reserves. 2. Known measured, and indicated reserves in all beds, based on a minimum thickness of 174 inches and on 1,800 tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated at 2,217 Trillion short tons as of January 1, 1951. Of this total, 1,731 million short tons are in beds 28 inches and more thick. Areas in each bed were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics are too meager to make an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these area, such reserves should be added to he total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1952

By Eldon C. Pattee

THE BUREAU OF MINES began an investigation of tungsten resources of Montana in September 1953. This report presents information obtained from July 1955 to September 1957 on tungsten deposits in and near the Mount Torrey batholith. The batholith comprises part of the Pioneer Mountains of Beaverhead County in the southwest corner of Montana. Included in the report are assays and preliminary-examination data on 22 properties. Tungsten minerals are known to occur in 19 of the properties. The major producer is the Brown's Lake mine which has produced more than 625,000 tons of ore. Nearly all of the deposits are in the Lost Creek, Utopia, and Bald Mountain mining districts along the east and south margins of the Pioneer Mountains. The districts are less than 27 miles from Dillon, Mont.

Jan 1, 1960

By Floyd R. Hertweck

The helium resources of the United States were estimated by the Bureau of Mines to be 1,037 Bcf as of January 1, 1981. These resources are divided into four categories, in decreasing degree of assurance of their existence: (1) helium in storage and in measured natural gas reserves, which totals 211 Bcf, (2) helium in indicated natural gas resources, which is estimated at 207 Bcf, (3) helium in hypothetical natural gas resources, which is estimated to be 318 Bcf, and (4) helium in speculative natural gas resources, which makes up the remaining 301 Bcf. These helium resources are further divided into depleting, nondepleting, and stored classifications, The depleting resources are those associated with natural gasfields that are, or will be, produced for the natural gas they contain. All of the helium in undiscovered (hypothetical and speculative) natural gas resources is included in this classification. These depleting resources are estimated to contain 897 Bcf of the total helium resource base. Nondepleting resources are those in shut-in, abandoned, or otherwise nonproducing natural gasfields. Helium resources contained in nondepleting natural gas resources are estimated to total 100 Bcf. There is 40 Bcf of helium in storage in the Federal Government-owned Cliffside Gas Field near Amarillo, Tex.

Jan 1, 1983

By K. K. Kelley

This work is a continuation of a program of study of the measurement and correlation of fundamental thermodynamic data inaugurated several years ago by the United States Bureau of Mines. Previous bulletins in this series were concerned with (1) The Entropies of Inorganic Substances (66),3 (2) High-Temperature Specific-Heat Equations for Inorganic Substances (67), (3) The Free Energies of Vaporization and Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Substances (68), (4) Metal Carbonates-Correlations and Applications of Thermodynamic Properties (71), (5) Heats of Fusion of Inorganic Substances (69), and (6) A Revision of the Entropies of Inorganic Substances-1935 (70). The present bulletin has as its primary purpose the correlation of the thermodynamic properties of elementary sulphur and its inorganic compounds and the presentation, after careful consideration of all available information, of a self-consistent system of thermodynamic relationships for these substances. It is believed that such a set of relationships, concerning substances of such great metallurgical importance as sulphur, sulphur oxides, hydrogen sulphide, metal sulphides, and metal sulphates, is of considerable value in indicating directions of possibly profitable experimental work and in clarifying subjects of technical interest upon which direct experimental information is difficult and expensive to obtain. It cannot be doubted that many problems of technical importance that at the outset appear almost hopelessly complex or obscure either may be solved, if enough information is available, or the specific lacking information clearly indicated by the adoption of the thermodynamic viewpoint. This has been demonstrated many times in the work of the Metallurgical Division, Pacific Experiment Station, Berkeley, Calif. Even when only crude basic information is available, a semiquantitative picture often may be developed by thermodynamic means in which general trends and approximate limits of a proposed process or modification of practice may be clearly portrayed and thus used as guides in further considerations and experimentation.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. G. Knickerbocker, David Schlain, F. K. Shelton, J. H. Jacobs

"Many manganese ores contain from 0.1 to several percent cobalt. If such ores arc used for the production of ferromanganese, the cobalt is lost; on the other hand, if they are used for the production of electrolytic manganese, the cobalt can be recovered during the purification of the electrolyte.The production of cobalt in the United States is insignificant compared to the amount consumed, most of which is imported from the Belgian Congo. Cobalt-bearing manganese ores may therefore constitute an important reserve of cobalt in times of emergency. Moreover, the combined value of manganese and cobalt in some ores may be sufficient to warrant the recovery of both metals by the electrolytic manganese process, whereas the recovery of either manganese or cobalt alone might not be economically feasible.In view of the potential importance of manganese ores as a source of cobalt, a survey has boon made of the cobalt content of manganese ores. Most of the data have been obtained from analyses made in the Bureau of Mines, but valuable data have also been obtained from publications of the Geological Survey, various State publications, and other sources. Unfortunately, most published analyses of manganese ores do not include cobalt determinations; when such analyses were fairly detailed, but did not include cobalt, it was presumed that cobalt was not present in significant quantity.Information on the cobalt content of domestic manganese ores is given in table 1. Ores containing 0.1 percent or more cobalt are listed in table 2, and the districts in which such ores occur are shown in figure 1. Most of the known cobalt-bearing manganese ores occur in the southeastern part of the United States. A group of deposits in central Arizona and a few scattered deposits in other States also' contain cobalt."

Apr 1, 1946

The following is a Maintainability Design Checklist for coal mining equipment. The purpose of the checklist is to provide a summary of design review points for the maintainability assessment of new or existing underground equipment. It specifically focuses on the identification of equipment design features, tasks, or procedures that impact equipment downtime, repair costs, labor hours and maintainer skill level requirements. Some checklist points are general in nature. The checklist was designed to be used across all categories of underground equipment. The intent is to draw attention to design features and maintenance procedures that will increase maintainability requirements. You are encouraged to adapt this checklist to site specific or machine specific requirements by: Inserting specific performance criteria for various categories of maintenance tasks. For example; all hydraulic lines on a shuttle car should be replaceable in 15 minutes or 25 minutes, etc. Adding or deleting checklist items for different categories of equipment. You would include environmental control equipment, for example, on face equipment and not on shuttle cars or man trips. Adding additional checklist items based on site or equipment specific maintenance histories or experience, company maintenance standards, or other factors.

Jan 1, 2000

By Herbert H. Einstein

The innate variability of natural materials and processes causes uncertainty in the models representing the natural phenomena and uncertainty in estimating the parameters that are used in these models. Reliability analyses, in contrast to the traditional factor of safety approach, are well suited to a rational incorporation of uncertainty in design and exploration decisions. Probabilistic kinetic and kinematic analyses were developed and combined to form reliability analysis methods. With one method the reliability, i.e.) the probability of failure, of an individual 2-plane wedge in a slope can be determined. The other method is aimed at slopes with a single slope parallel set of joints. In each case two approaches were developed, an encompassing one relying on computer codes and a simplified or summary approach relying on charts or pocket calculator computation. A major contribution of these approaches is the treatment of joint persistance. Instead of having to assume a certain persistence, it is now possible to use exploration data on joint geometry and to include the persistence effect rigorously.

Jan 1, 1979