Search Documents

By R. J. Hopkins, L. B. Haney

On the basis of limited experimental work conducted at the Port Pirie smelter, it would appear that, by increasing the specific surface of sinter, and possibly that of coke as well, a marked increase in the rate and degree of sinter reduction in the furnace shaft can be achieved. Fusion-point tests have shown that this increased reduction means a much higher sinter fusion point and narrower plastic zone, while the more efficient utilization of coke in the furnace is inherent in the intensification of reduction by the provision of a more reactive sinter surface. Investigations aimed at increasing the ability to operate the blast furnace with a higher lead tenor of sinter reducing fuel cost proportionately, and at eliminating the loss in reduction potential in coke entering the furnace, as shown by the presence of appreciable proportions of CO in the top gases, are reported. Several lines for future investigations that could result in improved smelting methods are proposed. A SOMEWHAT informal presentation of ideas on lead blast-furnace smelting will be given in this paper. These ideas have been developed during observations of furnace behavior at Port Pirie and earlier at Mt. Isa, and have been guided by the results of laboratory experiments at Port Pirie. The authors do not intend to propound any particularly new theories, but present their ideas as a basis for discussion which may help toward a better understanding and improved control of blast-furnace operation. Performance variations of considerable magnitude occur from time to time at most lead blast-furnace plants. While Port Pirie is fortunate in having a very regular supply of high grade concentrates, it is no exception in this respect. Such irregularities are of considerable economic importance and they constitute a challenge to present-day metallurgists in their efforts to obtain an ever greater degree of control over furnace operation. In operating as Port Pirie does with a relatively high lead charge, it has been recognized for a long time that shaft conditions are ,of the greatest importance. A practical, or engineering, attack on the problem of accretions consisted of changes in furnace design, e.g., by widening the shaft to 10 ft above the bottom row of tuyeres, and by the provision of curved ends and vertical walls.' That this attack has had a great measure of success is shown by the fact that barring down of these wide furnaces is rarely necessary, shaft conditions have greatly improved, and sensitivity to charge variations has been markedly reduced. These modifications, followed by some metallurgical changes (chiefly the incorporation of pig iron into the furnace charge in 1948), have brought furnace operation to a point where some variables which were previously masked can now be studied. Accordingly, over different periods of time during the last five years, such variables as could be given numerical values have been recorded and subjected to statistical examination. The objectives of this work were: 1—to reveal the true importance of the different variables and 2—to show the proportion of total furnace variation which is unexplained and therefore referable to causes not measured at present? e.g., shaft accretions, sinter structure, coke structure, and others. Statistical Study of Variables In this work factors relating to furnace speed and lead reduction have been examined: 1—slag com-

Jan 1, 1955

By AIME AIME

THOUGH born in England-on Nov. 23, 1372 William Wraith was brought to this country at the age of ten. Eight years later he entered the University of Illinois, transferring to the Michigan College of Mines where he got his E.M. in 1894. For the next three years he was a mine surveyor for the fuel department of the Santa Fe Railroad. Then he got into the copper-mining industry, which has occupied his attention for the last forty years. First he was engineer, at Butte, for the Boston & Montana company, and then helped to build the Washoe smelter at Anaconda, of which he was assistant superintendent from 1906 to 1913. The Anaconda company then sent him to Salt Lake City as manager of its subsidiary.

Jan 1, 1938

By B. B. Gottsberger

A NOTABLE feature of the practice of the American mining engineer is the fact that 'his field has been world wide, and the results of his work may be found in all countries. For this reason, the mining engineer is particularly interested in any legislation tending to restrict his freedom in this respect. In their zeal to improve the status of the professional engineer, those responsible for the enactment of the registration laws now in effect in various of the United States may have introduced a practice that will result very much to the detriment of the American mining engineer. He is preeminently interested in the maintenance of the professional "open door," and fame may be the reward of him who calls the first "International Conference for the Limitation of Restrictive Legislation." There is no reason why these United States should be the only country to regulate the practice of professional engineering and, in fact, the movement is spreading beyond its borders. Already, it is necessary for the mining engineer to be thoroughly conversant with the various state laws in order to insure his right to pursue his calling. It may soon be necessary for him to make sure of his status in foreign countries before undertaking work in them.

Jan 1, 1921

By L. L. Wyman

THE resultant embrittlement caused by the exposure of oxygen-bearing copper when hot and exposed to reducing gases has been the subject of many studies.1 Little attention, however, has been given to the possible embrittling effects due to atmospheres or conditions that under some circumstances might be the source of a reducing gas. At rather infrequent intervals there occur reports of copper becoming embrittled during normal annealing cycles in commercial steam-atmos-hered furnaces such as customarily are used for this operation. As might be expected, several other factors exist-such as oil, dirt on the wire, or in the furnace, or metallic surface contacts that might produce reducing gases and be the source of the trouble. However, in consider-ation of the statement made by Ruder,2 it would seem that under some conditions steam itself might prove to be the source of trouble. A consideration of the amount of the dissociation of water vapor up to temperatures of the melting point of copper shows that' the amount of hydrogen that could come from this source is far too minute to account for any embrittlement. What such information does not tell is what will happen at the surface of copper when subjected to steam at elevated temperatures, for entirely different conditions may persist, which would account for Ruder's observation. Furthermore, there are no data as to what might happen at the surfaces of other materials present, the result-ant of which might affect the condition of the copper present. For this reason, it was decided to make a series of experiments com-parable to those previously conducted by the writer,1 which would clarify the effect of the steam on copper, and in copper in the presence of steel.

Jan 1, 1940

By E. P. Chartkoff, W. P. Sykes

In 1926 one of the authors published researches on the determination and description of the iron-tungsten and iron-molybdenum systems,' including the equilibrium diagrams. In 1929, further work was carried on, including the examination by X-rays, which is recorded here. Meas-urements were made of changes in lattice parameters in the solid solutions. Precipitation from the solid solution and the accompanying changes in hardness were studied as well as the formation of the intermetallic com-pound phases upon sintering a mixture of metal powders. Materials All the specimens were prepared from the same quality of metals and by the same methods as were described in the determination of the constitutional diagrams. The metal powders as mixed and pressed were sintered or fused in a hydrogen atmosphere and subsequently treated as indicated in the titles of the figures. The formation of the iron-rich solutlon in the solid was accomplished by sintering in hydrogen for a period of 20 to 30 hr. at a temperature 25' to 50' C. below the melting point of the eutectic. The tungsten-rich and molybdenum-rich solid solutions of iron were prepared by adding the iron as a solution of iron ammonium oxalate to the oxide of tungsten or molybdenum, followed by a hydrogen reduction. This method results in a homogeneous alloy after sintering the pressed metal powder for 20 to 30 hr. at a temperature slightly below that of the peritectic reaction in the system involved. For X-ray examination the specimens were variously prepared, depending on the nature of the sample and what it was desired to show. For example, the iron containing tungsten or molybdenum in solid solution was cut with a file, the chips were put through bolting cloth, and this powder of filings formed the specimens for comparative study. The

Jan 1, 1930

By M. H. Sommer

MANY attempts have been made to develop a relation between the tensile properties and the deep-stamping qualities of metals com-monly used in deep drawing. These operations are generally performed cold and the metal is always stressed beyond the elastic limit. However, the problem cannot be readily solved without a proper investigation of (1) the relation between actual stress and actual strain in the plastic range and (2) the stresses that are set up in the metal during the process of deep stamping. Much work has been done in recent years to add to our knowledge on plastic deformation of metals and the shortcomings of the ordinary tensile test, particularly in the plastic range, have been sufficiently recognized. It has been widely acknowledged that the local contraction, which appears in a tensile test after the maximum load is reached, is not a general characteristic of the material but is peculiar to this form of testing. The plastic deformation of materials is explained by the slip of their crystals along certain planes and this rearrangement should be similar whether observed in a tensile, compression or torsion test, and if the results of any of these forms of testing show deviations, it must be due to other influences, as for example the local contraction in a tensile test. For this reason the tensile-test curve as obtained from the measurements taken on a tensile-test machine or registered by an autographic device has been supplemented by the so-called "actual stress-strain curve," which is constructed from the observed tensile-test data by eliminating the effect of local contraction and is in complete alignment with the stress-strain values obtained in a compression or torsion test. The actual stress-strain curve shows the increase of actual unit stress in relation to unit elongation beyond the yield point and

Jan 1, 1934

ON p. 499 of the December issue Of MINING AND METAL-LURGY plans were announced for a memorial to en-gineers who died in overseas service during the World War and a gift to the University of Louvain on behalf of the engineers of America. In this connection it is proposed to erect a memorial tablet giving the names. of engineers who died in the foreign service. Members of the A. I. M. E. who gave their lives, so far as they are known, are listed below. It will be much appreciated if notice be given of any omissions and also if the name of some surviving relative be supplied in each case. Louis Baird, Lieut., Royal Field Artillery, British Army, killed on the battlefield, 1915. John H. Bellamy, Capt., Regimental Staff, 103rd Engi-neers, killed near Fismes, Aug. 9, 1918. Martin F. Bowles, Lieut., 1st Battalion, 355th Infantry, 89th Division, killed on the battlefield, Sept. 3, 1918. Andrew Burt, died in .active service, 1916. Stanley B. Carlisle, Machine Gun Battalion 346, 91st Divi- sion, died in France, Oct. 24, 1918.

Jan 1, 1928

By William Fink

Two of the aluminum-alloy systems previously studied-the alumi-num-titanium and the aluminum-chromium-exhibit a peritectic reaction at the extreme aluminum end of the diagram. Preliminary work indi-cated that the aluminum-zirconium and certain other aluminum systems were similar in this respect. The present paper, the twentieth of a series from the Aluminum Research Laboratories, reports the results of a recent investigation of equilibrium relations in aluminum-zirconium alloys of high purity, which confirm the preliminary observations. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS There has been only one investigation of the aluminum end of the aluminum-zirconium system. Sykes1 prepared and studied alloys containing 0 to 70 per cent Zr. The lowering of the freezing point of aluminum by the addition of zirconium was found to be very little, if any (less than 2°C.). He placed the solid solubility of zirconium in aluminum at room temperature between 0.57 and 0.97 per cent. A few other investigators have attempted to determine the com-position of the intermetallic compounds occurring in this system. Hönigschmid2 obtained the compound ZrAl3 as a by-product during the preparation of ZrSi2. He made no attempt to prepare other aluminum-zir-conium compounds. Weiss and Newmann3 prepared an alloy by heating aluminum with a double fluoride of potassium and zirconium. When this alloy was treated consecutively with caustic soda and hydrochloric acid, there was a residue, which contained approximately 72 per cent Zr and 28 per cent Al (Zr3Al4). Marden and Rich4 prepared an alloy in the same way, treated it with caustic soda, and obtained a residue of silver-white crystals, which contained 70 per cent Zr and 30 per cent Al (Zr3Al4).

Jan 1, 1939

By H. C. Heard

The review by Professor J. C. Jaeger (Chapter 1) briefly summarizes and discusses a select group of papers by various workers dealing primarily with aspects of fracture in brittle rock materials. Professor Jaeger's treatment is primarily concerned with the correlation of phenomenological and theoretical failure criteria with empirical results from short duration tests at ambient temperatures and generally at low lithostatic and interstitial fluid pressures. As engineering rock mechanics becomes more concerned with new techniques of mineral exploration and production at increasingly greater depths in the crust, it is well to be aware of the effect of the environment -that of the superposed stress field upon the lithostatic and interstitial fluid pressure, the temperature and the duration of the loading upon the failure of rocks either by fracture or flow. All results to be discussed here are from laboratory tests on small homogeneous samples, thus caution should be used in the direct extrapolation of these results to large inhomogeneous rock masses having quite different boundary conditions in the earth. The purpose of this supplement is to briefly point out the major effects of these parameters as examined singly, with all others held constant, and to cite some recent results which apply to the main theme on the brittle failure of rocks. The total stress field imposed upon a small volume of porous and permeable rock in the earth's crust may be thought of as the sum of an applied differential stress, plus a lithostatic pressure, plus an interstitial fluid pressure. The differential stress portion may be completely specified by nine components, six shear and three normal. If the small volume element is in rotational equilibrium, by suitably choosing our coordinate axes we may resolve these nine components into the three principal com-

Jan 1, 1967

The General Committee met in the Treasury Building at Washington on Oct. 6 and 7. At the first meeting, Cornelius P. Kelley was appointed chairman, and Paul Armitage, secretary. Sub-committees were ap-pointed on Invested Capital, Mine Valuation, and Depletion and De-preciation. On Oct. 7, the reports of these committees were submitted to the General Committee and were referred to the Executive Committee. A motion was carried that the Executive Committee he constituted a permanent committee to continue the work of the Committee, with full power to acid to and increase its membership, that. as thus increased, it should constitute a permanent organization to act- and cooperate with the Treasury Department in matters of mining taxation under the Federal Income and Excess Profits Tax Laws. Thereafter the Executive Com-mittee met and formed a permanent committee as follows: Cornelius F. Kelley, chairman, 42 Broadway, New York City. J. L. Darnell, office of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Wash-ington, D. C. J. Parke Channing, 61 Broadway, New York City. Walter Douglas, 99 John St., New York City. R. V. Norris, 542 Second National Bank Bldg., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. J. E. Spurr, Engineering and Mining Journal, 10th Ave., and 36th St., New York City. W. G. Swart, 808 Selwood Bldg., Duluth, Minn. J. P. Finley, 45 Cedar St., New York City. W. A. Williams, Bartlesville, Okla. F. S. Peabody, Peabody Coal Co., McCormick Bldg., Chicago, Ill. Matthew C. Fleming, 71 Broadway, New York City. H. B. Fernald, 54 Wall St., New York City. William G. Mather, Cleveland, Ohio. Walter Fitch, Eureka, Utah. Arthur Thacher, 900 Security Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. John P. Gray, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Paul Armitage, secretary, 233 Broadway, New York City.

Jan 12, 1919

By James Terry Duce

The symposium on production for the year 1940 contains few papers on the foreign situation. It is probable that the foreign part of next year's symposium will be even shorter. This is due to rigid censorship in various countries, as the question of the volume of petroleum supplies has become one of great strategic importance. This is even more true than in the last war, owing to greater mechanization of armies. 'It has always been the policy of officers in charge of the symposium to refrain from publishing information that might possibly injure national or private interests. At the close of the war we hope again to publish full and accurate records of production abroad. Excerpts from Circular to Authors In order to facilitate interpretation of the data in this chapter, we print the following excerpts from the Circular to Authors. The field is the unit in this tabulation. In cases of fields extending across State boundaries, such as Rodessa, it is suggested that each State author treat the section of the field in his State as a unit, and by a footnote indicate that the field extends into an adjacent State. Each space in Table I may represent one of four possibilities; either it is not applicable to the particular field, or the proper entry is not determinable, or the proper entry may be determinable but is not determinable from data available to the author, or the proper entry is determinable. When spaces are not applicable, leave blank; in spaces where the proper entries are determinable but not de-terminable frod data available to the author, please inserty; in spaces where the proper entries are determinable by the author, make such entries. y implies a hope that in some future year a definite figure will be available. The entry of a zero is a positive declaration, and an important declaration where it is in order. Inability to determine precisely the correct entry for a particular space should not lead the author to insert merely y. Contributions of great value may be made by the author in many cases where entries are not subject to precise determination. In sucli cases the author should use his good judgment and make the best entry possible under the circumstances. For many spaces the correct entries represent the opinion of the author (for example, "Area Proved') and in such cases the entry need not be hedged to such extent as when the quantities are definite yet can be ascertained only approximately by the author. In cases under definite headings but where figures are only approximate, the author may use x. It is thought that the nearest whole numbers are sufficiently accurate for our purposes except as to percentage of sulphur in oil. If an author desires to report any other figures to tenths, he may do so. The quantity of gas produced should include, where possible, gas sold or otherwise marketed, and gas blown into the air, burned as flares or otherwise wasted. Segregation of these figures would be interesting if the authors can make such segregation. In any event, the figures should represent as nearly as possible the total quantity of gas removed from the reservoir. Under the columns on "Depth," the average depth to the top of the productive zones and to the bottom of the productive wells, when

Jan 1, 1941

By Becket, Frederick M.

CHROMIUM is but one hundred and thirty years of age-a mere youngster as related to many metals that' have speeded world progress. It was Vauquelin of France who proved conclusively that the so called red lead of. Siberia contained a new element. The variety and characteristic colors of the compounds suggested the name chromium. He also succeeded in reducing oxide of chromium to the metallic form and described the product as very brittle, infusible, needle- like crystals on which acids had very feeble action. His metal was not pure chromium, of course; it must have contained appreciable carbon in the combined form as a result of reducing the oxide by carbon at high temperatures. Vauquelin's description in 1798 of this work is a gem-indeed, literally, he went so far as to discover the presence of chromium oxide in the emerald. The metallic product did not seem to interest Vauquelin greatly, but a new chemical industry began shortly after his discoveries.

Jan 1, 1928

By R. W. Diamond

THREE mills are now operated by the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd:: (1) The Sullivan concentrator, Chapman, B. C. (near Kimberley, B. C.), (2) the St. Eugene concentrator, Moyie, B. C., and (3) the Tadanac (customs) concen-trator, Trail, B. C. Differential flotation is the only concentration method employed in all three plants. Tables are used for pilot work only. Flotation equip-ment and control are similar in the three mills, and the flow sheets at the St. Eugene and Tadanac mills, while much simpler, are modeled after that of the Sul-livan concentrator. Successful differential flotation of Sullivan ore com-menced in the spring of 1920, in the pilot concentrator at Trail. During 1920, 193,804 tons were treated by this process. This operation continued without interrup-tion and with steady growth. For the first 7 months of . 1923, which concluded the pilot plant operation, ap-proximately 1100 tons were treated daily. I believe the Sunnyside plant of the United States Smelting &. Refining Co. was the only successful and large scale operation practising differential flotation prior to 1920. in North America. The Sullivan ore, because of its high iron content, was quite a different problem from that at Sunnyside. The entire tonnage of Sullivan ore had to be separated into three sulfide concentrate products-lead concentrate, zinc concentrate and iron concentrate. The choice and arrangement of equipment, and the original flow sheet for the Sullivan concentrator were controlled by the results of the exhaustive pilot mill test. These covered a continuous period of 3 1/2 years and involved the treatment of 1,076,368 tons of Sullivan ore. Satisfactory recoveries are made from feed; 11.0 per cent lead and 7.5 per cent zinc in the form of lead concentrate containing 69 per cent lead, 4.5 per cent zinc, and zinc concentrate containing 3.0 per cent lead and 49 per cent zinc. (The pure zinc mineral in Sulli-van ore is marmatite, 'containing approximately 54.5 per cent zinc and 10 per cent iron. It is apparent, there-fore, that 49 percent concentrate is high grade for this particular ore.)

Jan 8, 1927

By P. R., Bradley

THE Juneau gold belt is divided into ore-bands of poor definition. The most easterly workings on the , belt, those of the Alaska Gastineau Co., disclosed three separate bands: the Footwall or Ground-hog band, 70 ft. wide; the Perseverance band on which the recent mining was done, also 70 ft. wide; and the No. 2 band, 100 ft. wide. These bands, aggregating 240 ft., are found over a width of 2000 ft. Going toward the west into the adjoining Alaska Juneau ground, four bands have been found which have a total 'right-angle thickness of 755 ft. These bands are convergent in their westerly trend and terminate on the plane of Silver Bow fault. The four bands have better definition at the fault plane than at the eastern boundary line where they enter the property. -Along the property line, the width of the bands and intervening country is 1600 ft., and at the Silver Bow fault this width is reduced to 1300 ft. The distance from the eastern property line to Silver Bow fault is 2400 ft. The bands are slate or slate with metagabbro intrusions, together with gold-bearing quartz masses, stringers, and gash veins. The bands themselves are not all ore, but all commercial .ore is found within the bands. They have no uniform width either in horizontal or vertical section. The ore has no hard and fast boundary except where cut by faults, and profitable mining ceases on a vague and

Jan 1, 1929

By Ta M. Li

Recent economic and environmental setbacks have not slowed Occidental Oil Shale, Inc.'s program aimed at the commercialization of oil shale. In fact, the firm expects to have a 795 MI (500C) bbl) per day production unit working by the end of 1976. The key to Occidental's ambitious program is an in situ method that extracts the valuable oil by retorting the shale in place. The process will require practically no water and will leave the spent shale in place underground. Additionally, all plant operations are to be located within the mine. These factors thus serve to make the operation attractive from an environmental viewpoint, in contrast to proposed conventional schemes which call for extensive underground mining, crushing and grinding at the surface, and construction of a massive surface retorting facility.

Jan 12, 1976

By NORMA D. MACFADDEN

WHILE the library work of the Woman's Auxiliary to the A. I. M. E. was founded three years after the formation of the Auxiliary, its present policy of establishing permanent libraries in mining camps throughout the United States dates only from 1924. Since then sixteen libraries have been established and thousands of books have found their way to homes of far-away miners, bringing pleasure and knowledge to a multitude of Americans and future citizens. Library work was initiated under the presidency of Mrs. H. W. Hardinge in 1922 and firmly established with her aid as one of the main activities of the Auxiliary. The first chairman served but a short time and Mrs. A. O. Ihlseng then took over the work of chairman of the Library Committee. To place the surplus books of Auxiliary members and their friends in use in mining camps was the immediate work of the committee. This was accomplished by placing a traveling library in the Bureau of Mines' cars and also by sending books for distribution to section chair- men in our larger mining camps.

Jan 1, 1929

By William L. Fink

Nickel is used as an alloying element in several complex commercial aluminum alloys, among which are found some very interesting properties, such as relatively high strength at elevated temperatures, relatively low coefficient of expansion, the absence of permanent growth, ability to take a good polish, and a bright, pleasing as-cast surface. For that reason the aluminum-nickel system was included in the list of binary aluminum systems that are being studied as a preparation for the investigation of more complex commercial alloys. This paper is the fifteenth of a series from the Research Laboratories of the Aluminum Company of America reporting the results of investigations of equilibrium relations in aluminum-base alloys of high purity. The aluminum-nickel equilibrium diagram from 0 to 18 per cent nickel was determined, using the purest material available. Previous Investigations The entire aluminum-nickel system was studied thermally and microscopically by Gwyer.1 At the aluminum end of the system he found the intermetallic compound NiA13. He found a eutectic at 6 per cent nickel with a melting point of 630" C. A slight thermal arrest, which he could not explain, was also noted in alloys from 2.5 per cent to 41.9 per cent nickel at 550" C. Bingham and Haughton,2 in a later investigation of alloys of aluminum with copper and nickel found the eutectic concentration of the binary aluminum-nickel system at about 5.3 per cent nickel. The melting point of the eutectic was about 633" C., or slightly higher than that found by Gwyer. Although the solid solubility of nickel in aluminum could not

Jan 1, 1934

By A. G. Buyers, J. Chilton, W. E. McKee

STUDIES in the high-temperature separations chemistry of thorium-uranium fuels are complicated by the corrosive nature of these molten metal systems at 1700°C. Separations research pointed toward the removal of fission products from irradiated alloys has included a frozen salt-bed technique which minimizes container reaction with molten metal. The procedure consists of high-frequency induction melting of the metal sample which is supported by a vertical column of unmelted salt. The molten alloy melts its immediate salt environment and as it slowly falls down through the column, many of the fission-product poisons are transferred into the fused salt environment. The molten salt-metal zone is encompassed at all times by unmelted salt, preventing container contact. EXPERIMENTAL Experimental methods were separated into three parts: salt-bed preparation, melting, and analytical evaluation. A) Bed Preparation—The procedure for casting calcium-fluoride briquettes was to compress the powdered salt at 5,000 to 10,000 psi and place this compact in a graphite crucible. This assembly was inserted into a vacuum system and surrounded by an alumina crucible as well as molybdenum, tantalum, or stainless-steel foil thermal-radiation shields. The pressure was reduced and the crucible heated under vacuum to about 800°C with the fore pump operating. Argon was then admitted to about 0.8 atm and heating continued until the CaF2 had melted 5 min at the melting point seemed satisfactory). Apparatus used included a 1-in. graphite crucible with 1/8-in. walls, 1-in. ID in a 2-in. induction coil, and a 6-kw Ajax high-frequency converter. B) Melting—Calcium-fluoride briquettes, 1 in. in diam and 1/2 to 1 in. thick, were prepared and vertically stacked to obtain the desired column length. An irradiated alloy sample (nut = 10") was placed on top of the salt column and the assembly was connected to the vacuum system. After evacuation of 5 to 10 , purified argon was admitted and the system flushed twice. The final argon pressure was about 0.8 atm. The sample was heated by induction at a power of about 6.5 kw. It then melted its way down through the salt and freely dropped into a small alumina crucible. The molten metal is followed during its downward course by the induction coil which is mounted upon a power-driven machine-threaded shaft. Experimental conditions used in the foregoing work

Jan 1, 1960

By James Terry Duce

The symposium on production for the year 1940 contains few papers on the foreign situation. It is probable that the foreign part of next year's symposium will be even shorter. This is due to rigid censorship in various countries, as the question of the volume of petroleum supplies has become one of great strategic importance. This is even more true than in the last war, owing to greater mechanization of armies. 'It has always been the policy of officers in charge of the symposium to refrain from publishing information that might possibly injure national or private interests. At the close of the war we hope again to publish full and accurate records of production abroad. Excerpts from Circular to Authors In order to facilitate interpretation of the data in this chapter, we print the following excerpts from the Circular to Authors. The field is the unit in this tabulation. In cases of fields extending across State boundaries, such as Rodessa, it is suggested that each State author treat the section of the field in his State as a unit, and by a footnote indicate that the field extends into an adjacent State. Each space in Table I may represent one of four possibilities; either it is not applicable to the particular field, or the proper entry is not determinable, or the proper entry may be determinable but is not determinable from data available to the author, or the proper entry is determinable. When spaces are not applicable, leave blank; in spaces where the proper entries are determinable but not de-terminable frod data available to the author, please inserty; in spaces where the proper entries are determinable by the author, make such entries. y implies a hope that in some future year a definite figure will be available. The entry of a zero is a positive declaration, and an important declaration where it is in order. Inability to determine precisely the correct entry for a particular space should not lead the author to insert merely y. Contributions of great value may be made by the author in many cases where entries are not subject to precise determination. In sucli cases the author should use his good judgment and make the best entry possible under the circumstances. For many spaces the correct entries represent the opinion of the author (for example, "Area Proved') and in such cases the entry need not be hedged to such extent as when the quantities are definite yet can be ascertained only approximately by the author. In cases under definite headings but where figures are only approximate, the author may use x. It is thought that the nearest whole numbers are sufficiently accurate for our purposes except as to percentage of sulphur in oil. If an author desires to report any other figures to tenths, he may do so. The quantity of gas produced should include, where possible, gas sold or otherwise marketed, and gas blown into the air, burned as flares or otherwise wasted. Segregation of these figures would be interesting if the authors can make such segregation. In any event, the figures should represent as nearly as possible the total quantity of gas removed from the reservoir. Under the columns on "Depth," the average depth to the top of the productive zones and to the bottom of the productive wells, when

Jan 1, 1941

By Louis D. Huntoon

CANADIAN gold production is forging ahead annually and the prospects are that it will continue to do so for many years. Table 1 shows recent annual increases. Production for 1933 will probably reach $70,000,000, and further increases are likely in 1934 and 1935. (Data for November and December, 1932, are estimated throughout this article.) The depression sent many prospectors to the woods so during the last two years many new gold areas have been discovered and are attracting real capital for exploration and development. Several mills came into production in 1932 and mills now under construction will start production in 1933. The offices of mining lawyers are busy. Capital for this new work is obtained from well financed mining companies, syndicates, and individuals who were fortunate enough to invest in the dividend-paying gold mines of the north country in the early days. Prospectors and capital are cooperating. An interest is always retained by the prospector or vender and usually a small amount of real money is given the prospector.

Jan 1, 1933