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By N. W. Byrne

THE study of diamond drill results at the Lake Athabaska property of Athona Mines, Limited, and the co-ordination of information secured, has demanded extensive application of methods for interpreting true conditions, both structurally and from the point of view of ore outlook. This work was in charge of a capable engineer, who, as the result of exhaustive study of the drill cores, has been able to issue maps and plans exceeding the expectations of the majority of engineers and geologists who visited the field during the past summer (1935); that is, having in view the fact that staking of the property had been completed but a few months beforehand and that geological conditions were practically unknown up to the time drilling began in April. The following pages present an outline of the work of the assay and engineering offices in co-ordinating and interpreting the results of the drilling. The writer desires to acknowledge the suggestions offered by A.P. Beavan, geologist and engineer at Athona Mines, whom he assisted during the drilling campaign, and also the co-operation of the drilling contractor's employees. The geological map, mine plans, and forms accompanying the paper are from the Company's engineering office files.

Jan 1, 1937

By F. Ajersch, M. Rigaud, M. Jallouli

"Le gonflement des boulettes d'hématite à été étudié à l'aide d'une méthode de mesure standard ISO ainsi qu'à l'aide d 'une méthode de mesure dilatométrique.La première méthode a servi à l'étude des boulettes haute silice (5% SiO2) dont l'indice de basicité (IB = CaO + MgO -i- SiO2 + Al2O3) a été ajustée soit à l'aide d'une addition de dolomie, soit à l'aide d'une addition de pierre à chaux, soit à l'aide d'une addition de ces deux composes. L'indice de basicité variait de 0.05 à 0.12. Les résultats de gonfle ment obtenus à 1000?C dans une atmosphère de 40 CO - 60 N2 ont permis de montrer qu’indépendamment de l'indice de basicité c'est la dolomie qui contribue le plus à diminuer le gonflement par rapport à la pierre à chaux. L'utilisation de l'indice de basicité comme critère de sélection des boulettes est discutée.La méthode dilatométrique a servi à l'étude du gonfle ment de deux types de boulettes préparées à partir de deux concentrés de fer et dont la teneur en silice a été fixée à 2.5% et 0 5%. Ces deux types de boulettes ont reçues les mêmes additions de liant en quantité et en nature. La détermination en continue du gonflement, à 950?C dans 40 CO - 60 N2, a permis d'une part de mieux cerner le niveau de réduction auquel correspond le maximum de gonflement et d'autre part de montrer que l’allure des courbes de gonflement est étroitement liée à la nature du liant. Une augmentation de la teneur en silice des concentres contribue à diminuer le gonflement des boulettes.Des essais de réduction de gonflement non isothermes ont été réalisés à des montées de température à 10 et 20?C/min. Les résultats indiquent que le gonflement déterminé dans les conditions non iso thermes est inferieur à celui obtenu lors des essais isothermes. On discute alors de la validité des essais standards de gonflement qui sont utilisés pour prédire le comportement des boulettes lors de leur réduction dans un haut fourneau."

Jan 1, 1983

By R. H. Beaton

"About 1905, a plant was constructed at C1ayburn, in the Lower Fraser valley, 4'5 miles east of Vancouver, to process shales from Sumas mountain into heavy clay products. In time, mining operations were found to be more favourable on the opposite side of the mountain, and by 1913 a plant, which soon became the centre of activities, was completed at Kilgard. Destroyed by fire in 1949, the plant was rebuilt on modern lines, and a second plant was established at Abbotsford, six miles to the west. The Company, from its beginning, has grown with development of the Province. In recent years, operations have kept abreast of latest developments, particularly in materials handling. Latest innovation has been the complete conversion of fuel from Bunker C oil to natural gas. In 1957 the Company became associated with Harbison Walker Refractories, Limited, a leader in its field in the United States, and its title was changed from Clayburn Company, Limited, to Clayburn-Harbison, Limited. Currently, the Kilgard plant produces sewer pipe, agricultural tile, and flue liner; the Abbotsford plant, refractories and facebrick. Improvement of products and development of new ones are tasks of a recently-completed testing and research laboratory.Almost all ware produced is marketed in Western Canada or Washing-ton State. The Vancouver area absorbs the bulk of structural clay products."

Jan 1, 1959

By R. K. Jonas

"Pressure leaching and pressure oxidation in autoclaves are important alternatives in the extractive processing of gold, copper and nickel ores. The application of advanced control to pressure leach and pressure oxidation autoclaves could achieve significant benefits as has been shown in alumina pressure leaching. This paper compares and contrasts alumina digestion autoclaves to other mining autoclaves with respect to advanced controls. The application of advanced control in alumina with over 30 units controlled worldwide, and its benefits will be reviewed. The design and potential benefits from advanced control for pressure oxidation and leaching will be presented.INTRODUCTIONIt is this author's position and the purpose of this paper to propose that advanced control could be effectively applied to autoclaves in the nickel, gold, and copper mining processes. This is based on the proven effectiveness of advanced control on autoclaves used in the alumina industry for pressure leaching of bauxite ores. Incremental, but significant increases in production could be realized by applying advanced control to autoclaves, as evidenced by the alumina industry, and this not being implemented in other autoclaves in the mining industry.In addition, today the mining industry is being challenged to improve their production methods. In some markets like nickel, there is pressure to improve productivity and reduce the cash cost per ton. While in other markets like copper and gold, demand is vigorous with favourable pricing, and there are advantages to increase production and productivity given limited plant capacity. Advanced control has proven its capability to improve mineral processing operations through increases in throughput, recovery, as well as reducing variability. In today's mines, autoclaves are being used to a much larger scale and with much larger importance, thus it would be beneficial to improve operational performance through the use of advanced control.Accordingly, it is the author supposition that an opportunity exists in the mining industry to use a proven advanced control technology to improve the operations and financial performance of mines using autoclaves."

Jan 1, 2012

By J M. Gibbs

Craigmont Mines Limited mine 50,000 tons of ore and waste per day from the open pit at Merritt, British Columbia. An electric-powered "down-the-hole" drill, a diesel-powered rotary drill and two electric-powered rotary drills have been used. All primary drilling, as a result of cost and operating experience, is now performed with two electric-powered rotary drills. Trials with various loading techniques have increased the amount of AN-FO and decreased the amount of commercially prepared slurries used for primary blasting. Approximately 95 per cent of the primary blasting is accomplished with AN -FO, mixed at the hole. Introduction THE Craigmont mine is located near the village of Merritt, B.C., 240 miles northeast of Vancouver. The concentrator has been in production since September of 1961. Craigmont is a combined open-pit and underground operation. To date, slightly more than 95 per cent of the mill feed has been mined from the open pit. As underground development proceeds, the ore requirements from the open pit will decrease. The average milling rate from September, 1961, to April, 1964, was approximately 4,900 tons per day.

Jan 1, 1965

By W. Dingley, G. R. Hoey

"Thirteen Canadian sulphide ore mines were surveyed for corrosion control. The mines visited were a small, yet representative, proportion of this segment of the Canadian mining and metallurgical industry. Information on metallic corrosion and methods used to control it in underground workings and mills was gathered (a) by discussing corrosion problems with company personnel, (b) by examining equipment and structures during under-ground and mill tours, (c) by photographing corrosion sites, and (d) by collecting and analyzing mine water samples.The corrosion survey, which is summarized in the re-port, leads to the following general conclusions. Mine environments are corrosive, particularly when the mine w1a-ter is acidic. Because of a lack of good corrosion control measures, excessive deterioration of equipment due to corrosion occurs in mines. Mill environments are also corrosive, but in some cases good preventive measures are being taken to effectively control corrosion losses.Ways to reduce corrosion losses in sulphide ore mines and mills are discussed. The main areas for more corrosion research and development are selection of materials of construction, protective coatings, cathodic protection, inhibitors, equipment design, and mining and milling practices."

Jan 1, 1971

By P. G. Dunn, J. Fitzgerald

ABSTRACT The scheduling of underground mining activities is a complex task that must simultaneously satisfy a large number of constraints. A schedule optimization tool (SOT) for underground mine planning is described, and its use for investigating strategic decisions is illustrated through a case study. The maincomponents of the SOT include (a) a genetic algorithm that searches for optimal schedules, (b) guidance for the application of heuristic rules, and (c) sliding, which implements just-in-time development. Findings indicated that preliminary scheduling performed before invoking the SOT, intended to provide a good starting point for the search, did not ultimately lead to higher value schedules.

Jan 1, 2010

By W. K. Smith, V. P. Krueger, D. C. Mulder

"AbstractThis paper describes the geological procedures used to evaluate two mineable high-volatile C bituminous coal seams at Coal Valley , located in the outer foothills belt of the Rocky Mountain Eastern Slopes in west-central Alberta. Lexco Testing Ltd., the exploration arm of Luscos: Ltd., owns and operates an all -weather geophysical logging system which provides gamma, focused density , single-point resistance and caliper logs in a single pass. A mathematical analysis for a theoretical interpretation of the single-point resistance log confirms empirical research that bed boundaries are located at a point 10% from the bottom of the curve. A unique and efficient triple-tube, wireline rotary coring system cuts an undisturbed 0.076m- diameter core in a plastic liner at recoveries exceeding 90% . Although only 10% of the total footage is cored, it provides vital analytical and geotechnical data, and, when integrated with the geophysical logs, improves the quality and extends the usefulness of interpreting both sets of data. All data are programmed to produce computerized structure contour, isopach, isoratio and isoquality maps, and volume calculations.General IntroductionTHE COAL VALLEY AREA is located in the outer foothills belt of the Rocky Mountain Eastern Slopes, 60 miles (96 km) by road southwest of Edson, Alberta. Luscar Ltd. holds leases which total 49,000 acres (19,830 ha) , of which 18,300 acres (7,410 ha) have been assigned to the Coal Valley mine area (Fig. 1 ) . There are two Paleocene high-volatile C bituminous coal seams initially developed for mining within a total stratigraphic interval of 750 feet (230 m ) (Fig. 2 ). These seams strike generally NW, and in the undisturbed areas generally dip westerly from 10 to 30 degrees."

Jan 1, 1977

By K. Yamaguchi

To contribute highly efficient and environmentally conscious copper smelting process, several topics in chemistry of the continuous converting were discussed. Through the reviewing the authors' thermodynamic simulations, it is recognized that small amount and low copper content of the coexisting slag is preferable. Some discussions were added to the Takeda's diagram for Cu20-FeOx-CaO ferrite slag, and the activity curves of the constituents were derived. Thermodynamic calculations were carried out on the copper contents of the slag during the blister copper formation. The dissolution of copper in slag decrease somewhat with increasing temperature, but the effects of increasing S02 pressure and decreasing %S in copper are considerable to increase in copper content of the slag. The optimum oxygen enrichment in the supplied air, and regulation of the oxidation degree for the blister copper are important in practice. The gypsum phase separation in the calcium ferrite slag was also evaluated thermodynamically, and concluded that decreasing temperature, increasing CaO content or S02 pressure, and extensive oxidation of the blister copper tend to separate CaS04.

Jan 1, 2007

By John Convey

This short paper deals with the subject of research and its relation to productivity. All who have stopped to even think about industrial re-search and its impact on the nation-al economy take for granted that research and development are pre-requisite to increased productivity. It is another matter, however, to identify and properly evaluate the many factors entering into the relationship between the two. Some studies are currently underway in the United States on the subject, but, so far, nothing much in the way of conclusive data has come to light. In Canada, we have not yet even produced any statistical figures on national productivity, although work is now being done on this subject and information will soon be available. The usefulness of being able to measure the benefits of investment in re-search and development in terms of industrial growth or productivity need not be laboured for the benefit of those interested in research management.

Jan 1, 1964

By F. Siciliano, D. Bai, S. Yue, A. M. Elwazri

The influence of niobium addition and very low temperature (`cool') deformation on the microstructure and properties of low carbon microalloyed steels was investigated. In this work, the specimens were heated at 1200°C and held at this temperature for 20 minutes. Some specimens were aged at 400°C for times ranging from 10 minutes to 10 hours followed by air-cooling. Others were subjected to deformation at 400°C (`cool deformation') prior to aging. It was observed that the proportion of acicular ferrite was increased as the amount of Nb was increased. It was found that cool deformation increased both yield and tensile strengths significantly compared to that of the aged only specimens.

Jan 1, 2005

By I. Dymov, W. Phillips

A process has been evaluated, on a continuous pilot plant scale, to treat refractory gold arsenopyrite/pyrite concentrates. The process consisted of biological leaching to partially oxidise sulphides, followed by pressure leaching for complete sulphide oxidation and arsenic precipitation, followed by liquor neutralisation and cyanidation of the autoclave residue for gold recovery. This paper provides a brief description of the treatment flowsheet and discusses some of the main parameters and results of the process. During integrated pilot plant campaigns, it was confirmed that acceptable sulphide oxidation and gold extraction of 96-98% could be achieved by a two-stage oxidation with BIOX® (4 days total retention time) followed by PDX (40 minutes retention time at 220°C). Only partial arsenic precipitation was achieved in the autoclave, followed by complete precipitation by neutralization under atmospheric conditions. The overall process could be significantly simplified, and capital and operating costs reduced, with a flowsheet modification allowing all of the BIOX® liquor to bypass the autoclave directly to the neutralization circuit.

Jan 1, 2004

By Staff

One hundred thousand miles of flying over the North country without a single air casualty; much of it over virgin territory probably never before visited by white men; some of it over regions that abound with possibilities for minerals; all of it effective, for exploration and the establishment of bases and supply-stations, and for the carrying of men and their tools and provisions- this, briefly, is the record of Northern Aerial Minerals Exploration, Limited, a Canadian company organized Jess than nine months ago, which has been functioning, without interruption, during spring, summer, and now into winter. Our planes have ranged from the Alaskan boundary on the west to the Labrador coast on the east, and from the Transcontinental railway north to the Arctic circle. Our prospectors, carried on trips of hundreds, and occasionally thousands, of miles, have gone over large sections of country which were never before explored, and at the end of the prospecting season the Company finds itself in possession of several groups of important gold claims, which look most promising. In addition to this, we have been in contact with deposits of almost every known mineral.

Jan 1, 1929

By Y. Héroux, A. Chagnon, M. M. Savard

"Résumé- Le gîte de Pb-Zn de Gays River s'accompagne d'anomalies des propriétés de la matière organique (MO) et des assemblages de minéraux d'argile (AMA). L'association entre la minéralisation, la distribution de la réflectance de la MO et des AMA suggère que ces traceurs peuvent servir à l'exploration des sulfures de métaux de base dans cette région.A l'emplacement du gîte, la réflectance varie considérablement (0,80% à 1,88%), pouvant même afficher une baisse avec l'enfouissement, ce qui est interprété comme une altération chimique de la MO. Les valeurs les plus élevées s'accompagnent localement de quelques textures en mosaïque et délimitent une anomalie thermique au centre sud de la région. Parmi les minéraux des argiles identifiés, l'illite et la chlorite sont terrigènes alors que la smectite, la kaolinite et la corrensite sont authigènes et, à l'instar de l'altération de la MO, résultent des nouveaux équilibres chimiques créés suite à la précipitation des sulfures.Abstract- The Gays River Pb-Zn ore deposit is associated with anomalies defined from the characters of the organic matter (OM) and from the clay minerals assemblages. The relationships be­ tween these anomalies and the mineralization at the mine suggest that these parameters can be used as new guides for the exploration for base-metal sulfides in this area.The vitrinite reflectance (RJ shows a wide range of values (0.8% to 1.88%) and exhibits an anomalous suppressive effect with depth of burial at the mine site, suggesting a chemical alteration of the OM. The highest R, values are associated with mosaic textures and outline a thermal anomaly at the south-center of the studied area. Among the identified clay minerals, illite and chlorite are terrigenous, whereas smectite, kaolinite and corrensite are authigenous and, like the alteration of the OM, are due to the new chemical equilibria resulting from the precipitation of the sulfides."

Jan 1, 1994

By R. Holmwood, M. Faris, P. Holloway, M. Collins

Sulphuric acid addition is a major driver of the economics in the processing of nickel laterite ores by high pressure acid leaching (HPAL). Understanding the optimal acid addition rate is essential for the success of any HPAL operation, and this is especially true at Ambatovy, where the composition of the feed tends to vary significantly on a day-to-day basis. Most studies on the effect of acid on nickel extraction in HPAL have used laboratory testwork as their basis. Although these studies are invaluable in assessing the economics of a new project, they are limited by the range of ore composition that can be tested and the differences between the operation of the laboratory equipment and the commercial plant. To enable optimization of the acid addition at Ambatovy, operating data from the HPAL operation were obtained using OSISoft’s PI system and the data from several periods were examined to develop relationships between acid addition and nickel extraction. The initial relationships from 2014 focused on the acid required to achieve a target nickel extraction of 95%, with aluminum and magnesium in ore and feed slurry solids content as the major variables. As Ambatovy ramped up through 2015 and 2016, the calculated acid requirement was further refined to address the effects of HPAL temperature and retention time, and the oxidizing/reducing characteristics of the ore, and to generate acid requirement relationships as a function of ranges of nickel extraction. These relationships supported raising the target nickel extraction to 96% and enabled the development of an economic model between acid addition and nickel extraction.

Jan 1, 2017

By J. Gao, H. O. Gekonde, S. V. Subramanian

"The functional role of inclusions at low cutting speeds is to promote ductile fracture in chip formation process, whereas the role of inclusions at high cutting speeds is to prevent tool crater wear by suppressing the tribological phenomenon of seizure at the tool-chip interface. Glassy oxide inclusions are engineered into the workpiece to form a viscous layer in-situ at the tool-chip interface at high cutting speeds. The viscous layer lubricates the tool-chip interface to prevent the seizure. In comparison with the large volume fraction of inclusions needed for promoting ductile fracture at low cutting speeds, the amount of inclusions required for lubricating the toolchip interface at high cutting speeds is very small and is in the range that is typical of clean steels. The chip fracture process at high cutting speeds is aided by strain rate hardening of the matrix, which facilitates chip disposal of relatively clean steel.Inclusion engineering for high speed machining involves the control of the rheology and composition of inclusions to meet target viscosity at the tool-chip interface. The application of thermodynamic models in controlled production of inclusions in steels designed for high speed machining is discussed."

Jan 1, 1998

By Dharmendr Kumar, Pradip, Sivakumar Subramanian, Beena Rai, Venugopal Tammishetti

The separation efficiency in a mineral processing plant is generally assessed and reported in terms of elemental assays constituting the minerals of interest. However, different minerals comprising of same elements behave differently under similar process conditions. Thus, it is imperative to track the mineral composition thank elemental composition of different streams in a processing plant. The availability of automated mineral analyzers such as QEMSCAN and TESCAN in recent times has made it possible. However, due to the high cost and expertise required, their adaptation in day to day monitoring of operations is not yet a common place. X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile fitting (Rietveld Refinement) is another technique which can provide estimates of mineral proportions in a sample. The results of Rietveld Refinement however are affected by coating of fines on coarse particles, method of sample preparation, particle size distribution of sample, elemental substitution in mineral crystal lattice. In the present work, we propose a simple and efficient method for quantitative estimation of minerals in iron ores using elemental assays and thermo-gravimetry analysis data. The minerals (hematite, goethite, gibbsite, kaolin and quartz) are identified using powder XRD analysis. It is also observed that goethite contains Al substitution in the crystal lattice. The samples were analyzed for %Fe, %Al2O3 and %Silica using chemical analysis. The measured Loss on Ignition (LOI) in the sample is contributed from goethite, gibbsite and kaolinite phases. LOI from gibbsite and goethite occur in temperature range 250–350°C and LOI from kaolinite occur in temperature range 400–700°C. According, LOI are determined in two different temperature ranges that are 100–400°C and 400–850°C. We have used the data to successfully determine the mineral compositions of iron ore samples. We have also employed a data reconciliation algorithm on the calculated data for further improvement and consistency of our results. Our method is very convenient for quick estimation of mineral proportions in a sample. The proposed method can also be used for quantitative phase estimation in bauxite ores and red muds.

Jan 1, 2016

By W. C. Zhu, C. H. Wei, L. L. Niu

With an increase of mining depth, a series of mining-induced hazards such as rockburst, coal and gas outburst, roof collapse, and water burst are getting more serious and more frequent. The intrinsic mechanism responsible for the occurrence of mining-induced hazards is the damage and unstable failure of rockmass or coal seam. The most distinct difference between deep and shallow levels is the so-called three ‘high’ (H3) conditions, i.e. high geo-stress, high fluid pressure and high geo-temperature. Therefore, the response of rock or coal to the deep mining operation is a phenomenon involving thermal (T), hydraulic (H), and mechanical (M) processes. Most importantly, mining excavation may vary the rock stress condition greatly, which may be a key factor to trigger the mining-induced hazards such as rockburst. In this regard, it is of great significance to clarify the damage and failure mechanism of rock and coal under coupled THM conditions, in order to clarify the rock failure mechanism responsible for the occurrence of mining-induced hazards. Thereafter, the mining-induced hazards cannot be predicted with confidence by considering each process independently. Of course, the requirement to include coupling of these processes depends on the specifics of the mining-induced hazards under consideration. For example, the water inrush is considered as a coupled hydro-mechanical (HM) process, in which the unstable failure of rockmass occurs under the combined contribution of geo-stress and water pressure. As for the coal mining at depth, in addition to high geo-stress and gas pressure in coal seam, the high geo-thermal condition that may greatly change the adsorption / desorption of gas and gas flow should be taken into account. Firstly, a general-purpose mathematical model for rock damage and failure process under coupled THM conditions is formulated based on damage mechanics principle, and it is solved by finite element method (FEM). In this model, the deformation and damage of rock, fluid flow and thermal transfer in rock would interact with each other, one process affects and initiation and progress of another. Then, the model is used to predict the mining-induced water outburst, where it is simulated as coupled hydro-mechanical (HM) problems. Based on the numerical simulation, the dimension of water-proof pillar is designed. Finally, the gas drainage from deep coal seam is numerically evaluated, where the coupled coal-gas interaction considering the effect of gas adsorption/desorption, gas flow in coal seam and geo-stress and geotemperature, is comprehensively taken into account. The proposed model could be used for clarifying the mechanism of mining-induced hazards in deep-level mining.

Jan 1, 2015

By S. Jeon, T. H. Kim

"Understanding the frictional properties of discontinuities is crucial to ensure the stability of underground structures. In particular, the frictional behavior at depth depends on the complex interaction among mechanical, hydrological, thermal and chemical characteristics and their coupled effects. In this study, a series of triaxial compression tests were carried out to investigate the behavior of rough shear surface of synthetic rocks. The frictional behavior showed little variation at different confining and water pressures. The test results were analyzed using Coulomb’s failure criterion. In addition, numerical analysis was carried out using PFC2D to simulate the test.INTRODUCTIONUnderstanding coupled behavior of rock at depth is of great importance in design, construction and operation of underground structures such as a disposal facility of radioactive waste, hot dry rock geothermal system and oil reservoir. In particular, many uncertainties are involved in characterizing deep rock mass deformation in the designing process and interactions among fluid flow of groundwater, high temperature and stress disturbance should be considered. Many independent studies have been carried out to investigate the thermal, hydro, mechanical and chemical coupled effects in numerical and experimental methods. They include the researches by Lockner, Summers, Moore and Byerlee (1982), Jafari, Amini Hosseini, Pellet, Boulon and Buzzi (2003), Tembe, Lockner and Wong (2010), Lee, Lee and Jeon (2012), Indraratna, Premadasa, Brown, Gens and Heitor (2014)."

Jan 1, 2015

By N. T. Avard

THE profitable disposal and utilization of much of our slack coal, lignite, and other low-grade fuels is one of the major problems facing the coal mining industry of Canada today. It is my belief that the pulverization process applied to these fuels opens the door to greater efficiency and greater prosperity, and I wish to discuss briefly with you some features of its development and advantages to date. Indeed, the art of burning pulverized coal under stationary boilers is one of the romances of modern engineering. As a Nova Scotian, I feel some pride in the fact that at Chignecto Mines, N.S., was built in 1906 the first pit-mouth power plant on the North American continent. This was built to make effective for the first time Edison's dream of carrying coal for power by wire rather than by rail. This plant, built by the Maritime Coal, Railway and Power Company, Limited, success-fully utilized underfeed stokers for twenty years but in 1927 was replaced by a more modern plant equipped with machinery for burning pulverized coal, which is now operating very successfully. A further source of pride is the fact that the first boilers on this continent to be operated by pulverized coal were installed by the Dominion Coal Company at New Waterford, N.S., in 1912 and were satisfactorily operated during the lifetime of the plant. It is an acknowledged fact that average living conditions on a large part of the North American continent are far superior to those of any other people on earth. The reason is that we use so much more machinery per capita, and cheap power supply has been a large factor in bringing that about. Statistics show that where one horse-power was used one hundred years ago to assist man in his work, five hundred horse-power is used today. Truly a remarkable development and the key to our present high standard of living. Lack of coal in the chief industrial centres of Canada has forced the extra-ordinary development of the water powers which Providence has placed in those centres. How many of us realize that Canada stands second in the world in the per capita development of hydro power, Switzerland being first and the United States sixth? From this condition, we are reminded of the fact that the per capita foreign trade of Canada far exceeds that of our great neighbour to the South-but another illustration of the benefits accruing from our great power development.

Jan 1, 1937