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By G. Vibert Douglas

NICKEL minerals are known in New Brunswick but have never been reported from Nova Scotia. The attention of the writers was drawn to an occurrence of pyrrhotite, reported to carry nickel, at the Second Gold brook, Middle river, Cape Breton. The purpose of this paper is to record the occurrence and give an account of the general geological association. In a later paper it may be possible to give greater details? than are available at present. GEOLOGY The area lies at the edge of a plateau of Precambrian rocks which forms the panhandle of Cape Breton island. This plateau has a general elevation of 1,200 feet. Middle river, with its tributaries, the First, Second, and Third Gold brooks drains the area. The lower country to east and southeast of the plateau is underlain by lower Carboniferous sediments. The rocks of the plateau are presumably of Precambrian age but have never been definitely correlated with the Gold-Bearing Series of the mainland. ?There i:s; however, some resemblance, although they have apparently been more intensely mountain-built. They are essentially fine grained, sheared quartzites and slates . The general strike is east and west, with a north dip of 45° to 55°. There are smalllocal drag-folds in the area. The only igneous rock in the immediate vicinity is an intrusive pink porphyry. It has small phenocrysts of quartz and feldspar. It has intruded the sediments generally along the structural planes, but in places crosses the structure . Its intrusive character is further proved by the fact that it contains xenoliths of the quartzite.

Jan 1, 1937

By Sammy Bansah, Komla Dzigbodi-Adjimah

Abstract-Ghana, a major West African gold-producing country, took a crucial step in 1986 to allow private participation in mining ventures that had hitherto been state controlled and starved of funds. This decision has led to a three-fold rise in gold production with substantial local and foreign capital once again flowing into exploration and mining projects. Though the rise in gold export is due primarily to increased production from large mines such as Ashanti Goldfields Corporation, Billiton Bogosu Gold, Tebrebie Goldfields and Ghana Australia Gold that work primary lode gold deposits on quartz veins and Banket conglomerates, a fair amount of gold comes from placer gold mining from which two new mines have been developed at Kwabeng and Bonte during the current gold boom. Also, placer gold mining is important locally because the lower capital outlay required for its development enables many entrepreneurs to operate small concessions and provide employment for a large pool of unskilled labor. Placer gold exploration and development in Ghana is labor-intensive. Pitting is the most used method although few employ the mechanized ("Banka") drilling. The advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches in the local setting are discussed. The gravel is normally sluiced and the gold recovered by amalgamation. The drawbacks to successful placer gold exploration in Ghana have been attributed to lapses in execution of exploration programs (Dzigbodi- Adjimah and Arhin, 1993; Dzigbodi-Adjimah and Gawu, 1994). However, the failure to recognize and set time frameworks and financial limitations for the various stages of placer gold exploration have spelt the doom of some projects. It is critical that the characteristics of the placer gold deposit be determined by efficient and cost effective means. A planned exploration supported by adequate flow of funds saves costs and leads to success. This article discusses the current Ghanaian situation and presents proposals from case studies for planning and budgeting placer gold exploration programs for use in similar settings.

Jan 1, 1995

By Sammy Bansah, Komla Dzigbodi-Adjimah

Ghana, a major West African gold-producing country, took a crucial step in 1986 to allow private participation in mining ventures that had hitherto been state controlled and starved of funds. This decision has led to a three-fold rise in gold production with substantial local and foreign capital once again flowing into exploration and mining projects. Though the rise in gold export is due primarily to increased production from large mines such as Ashanti Goldfields Corporation, Billiton Bogosu Gold, Tebrebie Goldfields and Ghana Australia Gold that work primary lode gold deposits on quartz veins and Banket conglomerates, a fair amount of gold comes from placer gold mining from which two new mines have been developed at Kwabeng and Bonte during the current gold boom. Also, placer gold mining is important locally because the lower capital outlay required for its development enables many entrepreneurs to operate small concessions and provide employment for a large pool of unskilled labor. Placer gold exploration and development in Ghana is labor-intensive. Pitting is the most used method although few employ the mechanized (“Banka”) drilling. The advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches in the local setting are discussed. The gravel is normally sluiced and the gold recovered by amalgamation. The drawbacks to successful placer gold exploration in Ghana have been attributed to lapses in execution of exploration programs (Dzigbodi-Adjimah and Arhin, 1993; Dzigbodi-Adjimah and Gawu, 1994). However, the failure to recognize and set time frameworks and financial limitations for the various stages of placer gold exploration have spelt the doom of some projects. It is critical that the characteristics of the placer gold deposit be determined by efficient and cost effective means. A planned exploration supported by adequate flow of funds saves costs and leads to success. This article discusses the current Ghanaian situation and presents proposals from case studies for planning and budgeting placer gold exploration pro-grams for use in similar settings.

Jan 1, 1995

By Robert C. Lo

As tailings dams grow in physical size, their impact on public safety and the environment also increases in severity. Over the last three decades, tailings dam engineering has evolved from largely "trial-and-error" methods to a mature, multi-disciplinary engineering endeavour. This paper reviews the current practice of tailings disposal, and the evolution of tailings dam engineering. Key factors affecting dam integrity and examples of dam failures are then highlighted. Finally, the paper reviews some of the recent trends that lead to new challenges to the mining industry. These challenges include: coping with heightened public concern about dam safety; balancing potential conflict between seismic and environmental requirements; and addressing issues introduced by globalization of the mining industry. Institutional responses and technological tools available to meet these challenges are also outlined.

May 1, 2001

By Arthur Lieu

Outline Removal mechanisms of Se and Mo in the Key Lake Bulk Neutralization circuit Bulk circuit Detail process modification in the Key Lake BN circuit Process performance after commissioning Objective Legacy effects of Se and Mo from the historical operation of Key Lake mill were shown to have an negative effect on the regional biota in the downstream environment. The water treatment circuit was not designed to remove Se and Mo from the effluent. Reduce Se and Mo concentrations in final effluent under0.028 0.028 ppm ppm and 0.3 and ppm ppm(CNSC regulatory limits).(limits).??????

Nov 1, 2011

By Jeremy P. Richards

Key inputs are volatiles and heat: Slab dehydration: Breakdown of amphibole and serpentine in hydrated oceanic crust releases fluids into mantle wedge, causing metasomatism.

May 1, 2008

By Colin P. Skidmore

Long touted as Australia?s fourth uranium mine the sediment-hosted Honeymoon Uranium Project is close to commercial production using insitu-leach mining methods. Uranium mineralisation occurs as pitchblende coatings on unconsolidated quartz sand and gravels within a stacked aquifer system in a buried palaeochannel located in the Curnamona Region of South Australia. A final NI43-101 Feasibility Study is close to completion which has included extensive delineation drilling using PFN technology to accurately measure uranium grade and distribution. This data integrated with a detailed 3D sedimentalogical model is being used to optimise wellfield and plant design.

May 1, 2006

By M. Kaya, A. R. Laplante

"Since the beginning of eighties the use of flotation columns has surged in Canada and abroad; the metallurgical superiority of columns over mechanical cells is in great part due to froth washing, which ensures higher gangue rejection and selectivity. Can wash water, which has proven so beneficial, be used in mechanical cells? Although froth washing technology was widely implemented in Soviet plants for bi tuminuous coal, and alusite, powellite, scheelite, molybdenite, etc. more than 25 years, it has been neglected in the western world. Published data suggest 10 to 15~ increases in grade and/or recovery with wash water in mechanical cells (Klassen and Mokrousov, 1963). There are at least three wash water plant applications in Zaire, Chile, and Canada, but little, if any, published information is available. This research work, which is the first extensive fundamental study related to froth washing in mechanical cells, attempts to answer the questions of how, how much, and where should wash water be added.This project was undertaken in three stages:1. Bench-scale laboratory tests with a 6.5 L Denver cell at McGill using a silica flour and a slime reject from Niobec (St.Honor6).2. Pilot-plant scale tests with a 65 L Denver cell at McGill using the silica flour and a complex Cu-Ni sulphide ore from the Strathcona mill of Falconbridge.3. Plant-scale tests with a bank of 2800 L Denver cells at Falconbridge Ltd. for complex Cu-Ni sulphide ore and Eastmaque Gold Mines Ltd. for Au tailing reclaimation."

Jan 1, 1989

By A. Zangooi, J. A. Finch

"A frother analysis technique based on the formation of a colored solution with UV-VIS absorbance proportional to frother concentration over a certain range has been developed. The calculation of concentration requires the comparison of the sample absorbance at a selected wavelength with a linear calibration (frother concentration vs. absorbance) constructed with values collected from solutions of known concentration (standards) at the same wavelength. It has been found that concentration ranges for preparation of standards can vary widely. An integration of our experiences into a databank can offer some guidance on the selection of standard concentrations. The databank includes results from the analysis of 37 chemical reagents, commercial frothers, and natural oils used in research work or at industrial sites. Grouping frothers by similar chemical structure or origin provides a good basis for selecting the standards to approach the maximum absorbance range for the spectrophotometer in use.INTRODUCTIONA technique to determine frother concentration on samples of industrial milling streams based on formation of a colored solution with UV-VIS absorbance proportional to frother concentration has been developed. The concentration is determined by comparison of its absorbance, at some selected wavelength, with those obtained by processing a series of solutions of known concentration (standards), at the same wavelength. It is desirable to have linear calibration (frother concentration vs. absorbance) over the widest concentration range. The upper concentration can be restricted by the instrument, as there is a maximum detectable absorbance (minimum transmittance), which can be reliably sensed by the UV-VIS detector (in most cases maximum absorbance is 3)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Jessica Hurst, Mark Holdsworth, Jeff McKay

"In 2002, Kennecott Utah Copper Copperton Concentrator installed an Expert Control system for optimization of their SAG and Ball milling circuits. The advanced process control has been well received and is utilized well over 95% of the time. In the years since, many lessons have been learned and many advances have been made. Improvements have produced millions of dollars of benefits and have included directly controlling feedrate with complex logic as opposed to using a bearing pressure controller, modifications to how sound is used for control, modifying logic for maximizing asset utilization and using advanced control for automating equipment restart. INTRODUCTIONRio Tinto’s Kennecott Copperton Concentrator produces copper, molybdenum, gold and silver. The mill has 4 SAG mills (SAG 1-3, 34 foot diameter and SAG 4 36 foot diameter), 8 ball mills and copper and molybdenum flotation plants, as seen in Figure 1. The 2010 average data is shown in Table 1.In 2002, a Metso Cisa OCS Expert Control system was installed at Copperton for SAG and Ball mill advanced control. The expert control was first placed on SAG 2; data from the first few weeks compared with operator performance indicated approximately an 11 percent increase in throughput. After full commissioning, the system was gradually refined further by plant personnel to develop key performance indices based on SAG feed size, refinement of the sound setpoint for control of mill speed and throughput, specific rules to help the adjustment of speed based on loss of a feeder, etc. With the addition of the pebble crushing circuit, the expert control began utilizing a model estimation of crushed pebble bin level to help stabilize the impact of returned crushed and uncrushed pebbles on the SAG mills. As the ore and limitations change, it is necessary to evolve the SAG logic to better handle any constraints."

Jan 1, 2012

By P. Maltby

"Smelter Feed Preparation Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited, Sudbury Operations, operate 4 mills and a smelter to produce Bessemer Ni-Cu matte for refining in Norway. Approximately 1400 tons of Ni-Cu concentrate are produced daily which are dried from a filter cake containing 14% moisture to 7.5% moisture pellets. Concentrate drying is done by 4 rotary dryers as shown in the 'Dryer Performance Data' at four separate locations. The dryers all form part of the feed preparation stage prior to sintering.The rate at which concentrate can be produced through the Sinter Plant largely depends on the quality of the dried product which makes up the feed. A feed consisting of mostly hardened pellets will sinter much faster than a feed which consists of broken pellets and dust. Dryer products require:1. Good green strength to survive shipment and handling.2. Correct moisture content.3. Sizing within a range ideally from 1/4"" to 10 mesh in diameter.Dryer performance data is shown in Table 1. Capital costs between the two types of dryers are comparable with the Roto-Louvre producing generally a larger better-formed pellet. Dryer feeds differ in that at both Hardy and Fecunis, Ni-Cu concentrate filter cake is the only feed while at the Falconbridge slurry plant the dryer feed can consist of up to 10% by weight of smelter flue dust resulting in a combined concentrate-dust pellet for feeding to the Sinter Plant. To the Falconbridge Sinter Plant dryer, dust and limestone are added for the smelting process in addition to Ni-Cu concentrate."

Jan 1, 1972

Adaptive Processing as proposed in geometallurgy has to rely on spatially interpolated information on geometallurgical parameters like phase composition, size distributions of particles of different phases, grain shape parameters, and portions of value elements in different grains. Using the geostatistically predicted values for adaptive processing, e.g. for the selection of milling diameters, thresholds in physical separation, or choices on using an extra pre-separation step, is typically not optimal. Mathematically this effect is introduced by two forms of nonlinearities: 1) The nonlinear scales of compositions, distributions, and shapes have special properties with respect to geostatistics. Classical geostatistics creates some artefacts for these nonlinear scales. On the other hand, modern geostatistical procedures adapted to these scales do not provide unbiased results with respect to linear transformations of the data (e.g. biased block estimates). 2) Neither economic nor ecological effects (e.g. monetary gain) of processing decisions are linear in the interpolated geometallurgical parameters. These nonlinear transforms are not unbiasedly estimated by the likewise transformed unbiased geostatistical predictions of the geometallurgical parameters. Furthermore, we need to optimize the conditional expectation of the gain, rather than obtain an unbiased estimate. Standard geostatistics as such does not provide the "right sort" of estimates for adaptive processing. A nonlinear kriging procedure is needed to approximate the nonlinearities mentioned before. We propose to solve these problems simultaneously using a nonlinear geostatistical technique for predicting the target function (the monetary gain), rather than to predict the geometallurgical parameters and compute the gain from them. The optimization can then be performed directly on this estimated function. It can be shown that this optimization performed on the conditional expectations, not on unbiased predictions, would yield the best possible processing choice. We propose a procedure choosing the processing parameters on an approximation of the conditional expectation. The difficulties with the classical approach and the effectiveness of this new approach are illustrated by a simplified simulation example with a single processing parameter and a simple dependence on the microstructure.

Aug 1, 2013

By J. Gillies

"Those of you who were at last years C.M.P. meeting are aware there was discussion at that meeting concerning the best method of assisting the assayers of metal mines to exchange new ideas and methods of assaying. The opportunity to advise you of what came of that discussion is very much appreciated.There are several societies, including the Chemical Institute of Canada, the Spectroscopy Society and others that could be of some assistance to assayers. However, since these societies cover a rather broad field and not many mine assayers have the opportunity to attend their meetings, it was felt that an organization oriented to the specific needs of the mine assayers would be of more value to them.Several years ago an attempt was made to hold meetings for the benefit of assayers in conjunction with the Conference of Metallurgists held each year by the Metallurgical Society of the C .I.M.M. This did not work because very few of the mine assayers attended the meetings.With the very evident success of the type of meetings the C.M.P. have and the excellent groundwork done by your secretary, Mr. Stevens, in talking about this to mine management and assayers at many mines across the country, it was decided to hold a meeting at Noranda on October 8 to discuss how best we could help ourselves solve our problems.For the initial meeting it was felt that perhaps it would be better to start with a smaller group, so invitations were sent to mines in Ontario and Quebec that were geographically fairly close to Noranda."

Jan 1, 1970

By M. A. Mahtab, A. S. Burgess, R. G. Charlwood, P. O. Sandstrom, J. L. Ratigan

"Addressing a current operating and environmental concern, this paper first presents an overview of the design program for an underground radioactive waste storage vault. It then reviews the construction, operational and thermal-mechanical aspects of such a project. The relevant experience from major underground construction projects is reviewed and the paper concludes with brief comments on the design-oriented research and development requirements . 1. IntroductionA program to develop techniques for the ultimate disposal of high-level radioactive waste into geologic formations was announced by AECL in 1975 (Tamrnernagi, 1976), and is discussed more fully in a later document (Boulton, 1978). Our paper summarizes the studies caried out, as part of the AECL waste management program, by the authors and associates on the development of design concepts for a vault situated in crystalline rocks of the type present in the Canadian Shield.The design studies have been carried out in three phases, the elements of which are described in Section 2.1 (also see Fig. 1). The general vault designs are presented in Section 2.2. These provide for emplacement of either immobilized fuel or solidified reprocessing wastes in a room-and-pillar facility at a depth of 1,000 m.Section 3 reviews the principal design considerations from the construction, operation and thermal-mechanical response aspects. The concepts have been studied in both temporal and spatial domains, and the requirements and responses assessed in each as appropriate.Section 4 briefly reviews the availability of relevant experience from previous major underground construction projects. Finally, in Section 5, brief comments are given regarding design-oriented research and development requirements."

Jan 1, 1980

By C. J. Mwenifumbo

Preservation of groundwater quality is a major environmental concern. The disposal of hazardous material from urban waste dumps, milling wastes in tailings ponds, and industrial wastes in injection wells may contaminate potential sources of potable groundwater. The containment or migration of contaminants in the subsurface depends on bedrock characteristics and type of overlying sediments. Fractured bedrock and permeable sediments that may provide pathways for the transport of potentially harmful contaminants should be avoided when selecting a disposal site. The role of borehole geophysics in hazardous waste-site investigations is reviewed in three categories: (I) site selection; (2) determination of the extent of contamination at existing sites; and (3) long-term monitoring of migration of contaminants. In the first category, borehole geophysical techniques developed for lithology and fracture identification, and for porosity determination, provide some of the necessary information for understanding the subsurface hydrogeology. Lithological information can be obtained from gamma-ray, electrical resistivity, induction, magnetic susceptibility, and sometimes induced polarization logs; fracture detection and characterization can be accomplished with the use of caliper, density, resistivity, temperature, and acoustic televiewer logs. Estimates of porosity are derived primarily from neutron-neutron, resistivity, density, and soniclogs. Borehole geophysical techniques used in water quality determinations include self-potential, fluid resistivity, Eh (redox potentials) and pH measurements, and these can be used to map the extent of contamination at an existing waste site. Cross borehole and borehole-to-surface electrical methods can also be used in this application. Long-term monitoring of contaminant migration in boreholes can be accomplished with techniques that respond to changes in electrical conductivity, temperature and fluid chemistry caused by the presence of contaminants.

Jan 1, 1993

By L. Zeka, I. Ndala, J. Frenay, S. Gaydardzhiev

"Reductive leaching of cobalt (III) from a heterogenite bearing ore has been performed. Pyrite was added to the system and simultaneously bioleached in order to provide ferrous iron as reducing agent. Within such arrangement the iron ions are continuously re-circulated inside a Fe 3+ / Fe 2+ loop. As a result Co(III) is solubilized in the presence of Fe 2+ ions in concentrations well below the stoichiometric requirement. The ore has been initially subjected to acid pre-leaching in order to guarantee that the available Co (II) has been entirely removed. Two technological parameters have been studied to show influence on the degree of cobalt leaching: concentration of ferric iron in the inoculum and the presence of bacteria. The bacterial role could be mainly viewed in supplying ferric ions in the system which chemically react with the pyrite to generate ferrous ions used as Co(III) reducing agent. Co(III) dissolution has been less efficient when the concentration of total iron in the system was low, but also when microorganisms were absent. SEM observations on leached heterogenite have evidenced bacterial attack on the mineral; however the precise role of bacterial presence on cobalt (III) leaching is still to be elucidated.INTRODUCTIONCobalt accompanies quite often copper in secondary oxidized ore deposits (Rumbu, 2013). In such associations cobalt is found both as CoII+ as well as CoIII+ (Deliens, 1974). In contrast to cobalt (III), cobalt (II) is leached relatively easy in sulphuric acid solutions. Cobalt (III) when present in mineral form belongs to the heterogenite mineral group with a simplified chemical formulae Co2O3.H2O or CoOOH. In order to be brought in solution, heterogenite should capture two electrons, likewise shown in reaction 1 below:"

Jan 1, 2016

By Xu Feng, Han Shufeng, Zhu Bin, Wang Mingming

Due to urban subway tunnels mostly built in the cities with highly density buildings, the geological and construction conditions is complex, especially certain sections of the subway tunnel will pass through from the foundation of the overpass, therefore the stability and surface deformation control of that section’s tunnel excavation is particularly important. Taking Xi'an Metro Line Three interval tunnel as a research object, we have used FLAC3D simulation to analyze the tunnel’s surrounding soil deformation and tunnel lining stress distribution under bridge foundation with shallow buried covered excavation method. Analysis results show: (1) After the excavation of the tunnel right line, due to the bias of the upper bridge foundation the right of the tunnel showed relatively large deformation. In order to ensure the construction safety, we recommended using the grouting anchor reinforcement on the right side wall to further control the deformation zone. (2) The maximum vertical displacement of the ground occurred in the right wall of the tunnel portion which was due to the intensity of soil outside the grouting range of the arch is low, as a result the deformation is larger; this position requires special attention, strengthening the monitoring measurements of this part is necessary to avoid the large deformation and other adverse effects of the upper portion of bridge foundation. (3) The maximum vertical force area of the initial lining of the tunnel is in the middle of the side wall, while the second lining in this part of forces is smaller, thus at the beginning of the construction of the liner, attention should be paid to this area. On-site grouting or steel bracing reinforce support may be used if necessary.

Jan 1, 2015

By D. P. Wilkinson

There are significant global environmental and supply issues with existing energy paths today . Global emission and fuel regulations, global fuel and power structure, energy security, and cost are driving new technology and non-conventional approaches . Fuel cells will play a significant role in the strategy to effect positive global change, increase fuel efficiency and decrease dependency on traditional fossil fuels. Fuel cells do not require recharging, just refuelling and a wide range of fuels are possible with hydrogen being the most desirable. Technical progress as well as investments in fuel cells for transportation, stationary, portable, and micro fuel cell applications have been dramatic in recent years. The present view is very optimistic for fuel cell power generation and the status is presently at the field trial level, or early commercialization stage, moving into volume commercialization. A number of demonstration programs are in progress worldwide such as the California Fuel Cell Partnership which involves original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), fuel providers, transit authorities, state and government bodies. Fuel cells and a hydrogen infrastructure are key to a long-term solution to global energy issues. Fuel cells will need to be competitive on an economic basis with the established and highly developed internal combustion engine and other forms of power generation There has been significant technical progress in a number of fuel cell areas including power density, transient / dynamic response, multiple fuels, cost potential, reliability and durability. However, significant technology gaps still remain today. This presentation will focus on the status and progress of the fuel cell today, current fuel cell research and development, the challenges going forward, and the future view of the fuel cell and it's impact on global energy issues.

Jan 1, 2005

By James Stenhouse

Abstract The aqueous oxidation of pyrite in caustic solutions under oxygen pressure was investigated by measuring that effect of reaction variable on oxygen consumption by the reactions. From the results of this investigation, a model for the process has been proposed. In this model, sulphur diffuses as a positive ion through an oxide layer which forms on the sulphide particles and is then oxidized to sulphate ion. Iron is oxidized by substitutional diffusion of oxygen atoms into the oxide layer. The effect of most reaction variables on the rate of oxygen consumption can be explained with this model. Introduction Recent investigations (1,2,3) have shown that certain sulphide ores can be readily leached by agitating the ore in the form of a pulp under pressure in the presence of oxygen. Since very little was known of the mechanism of this oxidation, a programme of investigation was inaugurated in 1949 in the laboratories of the Department of Mining and Metallurgy of the University of British Columbia. Financial support for the investigation was received from the National Research Council in the form of student grants and bursaries, from the Canadian Liquid Air Company, Limited, and from the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited. The first objective was to devise a technique to study the primary oxidation reactions in aqueous solutions and to apply the technique to a detailed study of the oxidation of pyrite in caustic solutions.

Jan 1, 1952

By K. C. Sole

In most copper solvent-extraction operations, an important consideration in choice of extractant is the requirement for high selectivity of copper over iron. Ester-modified aldoxime extractants presently offer the best Cu:Fe selectivity. In some plants, however, the process feed liquors contain significant amounts of manganese but little iron. Although manganese is not chemically extracted by oximes, trace amounts are carried over to the electrowinning circuit by physical entrainment. This may result in anodic oxidation of manganese which, in turn, can cause oxidative degradation of the organic phase when returned to the solvent-extraction circuit in the spent electrolyte. Many of these operations prefer to operate with higher levels of iron reporting to the advance electrolyte, as appropriate control of the Fe(II)/Fe(III) couple will ensure that manganese remains in the benign Mn(II) form. A new reagent, LS 4202, designed by Cytec, now offers the possibility of tailoring the iron co-extraction, so that appropriate Cu:Fe selectivity can be achieved in the solvent-extraction operation to maintain an electrolyte Fe:Mn mass ratio of >10:1, while retaining the other benefits offered by ester-modified aldoximes. The results of an integrated solvent extraction-electrowinning pilot-plant trial are presented, in which the performances of the conventional extractants ACORGA® M.5774 and LIX® 984N are compared with LS 4202. The Cu:Fe selectivity is demonstrated, along with results on the transfer of other impurities to the advance electrolyte.

Jan 1, 2007