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By Claudio Teodoro dos Santos

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito da deformação elástica cíclica e da deformação plástica no comportamento mecânico dos precipitados presentes em um implante fabricado em aço inoxidável UNS S31675. O teste foi iniciado com carregamentos cíclicos e finalizado com carregamento contínuo de dobramento até a ruptura total do implante, no intuito de avaliar se os precipitados sofrem fratura e/ou decoesão da matriz. A flexão ocasionada pelo teste de fadiga resultou em zonas de tração nos lados lateral e posterior e compressão nos lados medial e anterior do implante. Após 6 milhões de ciclos ocorreu a fratura parcial do implante na aresta entre os lados lateral e posterior (zonas de tração). Os resultados mostraram a existência de estrias na superfície de fratura do implante, indicando que a fadiga foi o mecanismo de falha predominante. A análise microestrutural mostrou que os precipitados não fraturaram na região de falha por fadiga, mas sofreram fratura e decoesão na região submetida a deformação plástica por dobramento. Concluiu-se que, embora os precipitados sejam considerados sítios preferenciais para nucleação de trincas de fadiga, eles são capazes de suportar carregamentos cíclicos no regime elástico, mesmo com grau de flexão da haste, onde zonas de tração e compressão são criadas.

Oct 30, 2017

"In mineral exploration and mining applications, it is sometimes necessary to reduce sampling error in order to improve representivity of individual sample assays. Historic efforts to reduce sampling error have relied on the belief that larger samples exhibit less sampling error. Justifications for this belief traditionally have coupled the binomial theorem with an ideal geological material consisting of ore and gangue particles of equal size and shape (an equant grain model) and empirical tests of geological materials, to illustrate an inverse relationship between sample size and sampling variance. To date, no proof exists of this sample size-sampling variance relationship in real geological materials exhibiting variations in grain size, shape, composition, and degree of liberation.Using first principles calculus and the formula for the mean, sample mass and sampling variance are proven to be inversely proportional in all geological materials. Distribution assumptions and physically ideal geological models are not used in this proof. Furthermore, algebraic manipulations of expressions describing the variances of equant grain models consistent with binomial, hypergeometric, and Poisson distributions reveal that these models also exhibit an inverse sample size-sampling variance relationship. Thus, the sampling behaviors of these models are numerically consistent with the sampling behaviors of real geological materials, and these models can be used to estimate sampling errors in real geological materials using simple sampling parameters."

Jan 1, 2007

By Terry P. Medhurst, Stuart A. MacGregor, Peter J. Hatherly

In addition to fractures and joints, compositional factors and bedding influence the strength of clastic sedimentary rocks. Rock mass rating schemes must therefore consider all of these factors. In this paper, a rating scheme for clastic sediments based on geophysical measurements is described. Geo-physical logging allows an approximation of rock com-position to be obtained and an assessment of bedding frequency and laminations. Velocity measurements incorporate the effects of fracturing. The rating requires scores for the intact rock, bedding/cohesion, and defects. These are combined to yield a Geophysical Strata Rating (GSR). Determination of the GSR is objective and repeatable. GSR values are typically between 20 and 80 and can be related to the Coal Mine Roof Rating.

Jan 5, 2007

By G Eastwood, C Joyce, P Ryan, G M. Johnston

Over the years, predictive techniques for Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and the natural processes affecting acid generation have received considerable attention. Less emphasis has been placed on the sampling strategy and the integration of testwork results with the geological data base. The sampling strategy employed and the development of a geological model to determine the spatial distribution and volume of acid producing material are often crucial for developing cost-effective containment and mitigation measures. The geological model provides a link between the occurrence, timing, destination and placement of mined waste rock. Careful and accurate interrogation of a comprehensive geological database provides this linkage. The AMD testwork program at Cadia in NSW has been designed to identify the temporal selective handling requirements that will be required during operation. Sampling involved collection of representative combinations of all waste rock types identified within an extensive geological database. These samples were subjected to static, kinetic and accelerated weathering predictive tests. Preliminary results have been used to construct a waste block model for the deposit that identifies the quantity and distribution of acid producing material. Integration of the block model with the mine scheduling determines when the material will be mined.

Jan 1, 1996

By W. Leblanc, J. Phalen

This paper tells the story of a serious mine fire on a mechanized longwall face in a submarine coal mine at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. The story gives, in chronological order, a technical account of the steps taken to investigate, fight and contain the fire. The time during which the events took place spans from June 19 to November 7, 1975.

Jan 1, 1976

By Fumihiko Sumiya, Hideki Hamashima, Shigeru Itoh, Shinya Tanaka

The detonation characteristics of non-ideal explosives, especially the emulsion explosives, are critically affected by the confinement of case. In this study, we focused the shock wave propagating in case as confinement factor. Therefore, the objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the influence of shock wave propagating in case on the detonation characteristics of explosives in laboratory scale.

Jan 1, 2007

By André Santos Caires de Sousa

As equipes de manutenção das pontes de Vega não possuíam uma ferramenta de armazenamento de dados de longo prazo, que permitisse analise de falhas e a avaliação das condições operacionais necessárias à manutenção preditiva. Com essa deficiência, as condições de ocorrência de paradas não programadas eram favorecidas. Fazia-se necessário uma ferramenta que permitisse o desenvolvimento de aplicações mais sofisticadas para monitoramento de equipamentos das Pontes Rolantes, além de que todo diagnóstico realizado era localmente na ponte e com as informações atuais (posteriores ao evento ocorrido). Após a implantação os ganhos foram satisfatórios, reduziu-se o tempo de atendimento das ocorrências, a planta se adequou ao padrão mundial de Prevenção de Fatalidades do grupo ArcelorMittal, reduzindo o trabalho em altura, exposição do executante ao risco, custo de manutenção e quantidade de paradas não planejadas, além de suportar o foco na manutenção preventiva e preditiva.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jamie N. Burdeski, Susan E. Hartfield-Wünsch

Aluminum sheet use has been steadily increasing in the automotive industry to achieve mass reduction and improve fuel economy. One significant manufacturing challenge for aluminum sheet implementation is the reduced formability compared to the steel alloys it replaces. This paper includes friction results from the draw bead simulator (DBS), twist compression (TCT) and strip draw (SDT) tests, for two oil based lubricants and four hot melt lubricants. Formability testing was done with the same lubricants and materials, testing in pure stretch with a hemispherical punch, and in draw with a breadpan shaped die.

Jan 1, 2015

By Robson Jacinto Coelho

A equipe da Coqueria identificou a possibilidade de reduzir o Burn Loss, que é a perda de material por queima durante o processo de coqueificação. Após uma série de estudos, utilizando a metodologia Seis Sigma, identificou-se oportunidades de melhorias operacionais que trariam mais eficiência, estabilidade operacional e consequente aumento na produção de coque e vapor, tais como: maior controle na admissão de ar, controle das perdas de coque e carvão, vedação dos fornos de coque e execução de paradas programadas específicas para Preservação Refratária, com foco na redução do back log e consequente prolongamento da vida útil das baterias de fornos de coque. A redução Burn Loss aumenta o rendimento coque/ carvão, com consequente redução do consumo específico de carvão e aumento na produção de coque e vapor. A implantação desse projeto permitiu a redução de 2,5 dólares por tonelada de aço produzida no Fiscal Year 16/17.

Oct 30, 2017

By J. Nakayama

For drilling large diameter holes for deep foundations, the common and distressing difficulty of long standing has been in coping with ground containing rocky formations and boulders. Where geological formation contains weathered rock or boulders, or deep rock socket is specified, drilling equipment occasionally is found to be unable to drill through and therefore will need supplementary equipment and procedures. Incentive of the MACH Drill Development has been to realize a capable drilling system for rocks of weathered to fresh rock without losing its applicability to usual overburden. Through seven decades' experience of manufacturing and operation of boring machines, the best features of all sorts of drillhead are known such as the drag bit, wing bit, auger bit, diamond bit, rock roller bit, down-the-hole hammer bit, etc.

Jan 1, 1988

By Joselito Gonsalves dos Santos, Ivani Batista dos Santos Junior, Valeria da Silva Guandelinir, Daniel Rocha de Castro, Alexandre Jose Ramos Valentim

Este artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar os ganhos obtidos com automatizações de atividades de suprimentos de média complexidade e alto tempo de execução. Para atingir o resultado sem investimento, foram desenvolvidas automatizações através de programação em Visual Basic (VBA) e Scripts SAP, utilizando como plataforma o Microsoft Excel. A integração do Excel com o SAP se mostrou eficaz, possibilitando a execução de tarefas de forma automatizada em massa, aumentando a confiabilidade das informações e reduzindo o tempo total de execução das atividades em 67%.

Oct 1, 2019

By Clayton J. Bossart

The design and fabrication of an engineering model and three prototypes of a portable gas analyzer and sapling system is herein described. This design effort has provided a battery operated system which will indicate the degree of explosivity of return air and in the air beyond the seal during the course of fighting, sealing and quenching a mine fire. Performance tests, design criticisms and recommendations for designs are also included. The system is based on two analyzers: the MSA Catalytic Combustible Gas Analyzer for indication of total combustible gas concentration and a modified, totally automated version of an Analytical Instrument Development Corporation Model 622 gas chromatograph (CC) for analysis of individual gases. The system provides continuous monitoring of combustible gas level in the range of 0 to 100% LEL. The GC automatic analysis requires a 5 minute cycle time to update the concentration indications for: hydrogen @ 0 to 10% oxygen @ 0 to 25% nitrogen @ 0 to 100%, methane @ 0 to 10 or 0 to 50%, carbon monoxide @ 0 to 5% and carbon dioxide @ 0 to 10%. CC peak heights are translated into concentration units which are memorized and continuously displayed on Integral meter readouts. The underground analyzer system design was reviewed and tested by the MESA Approval and Certification Group and found to meet intrinsic safety requirements. The three underground packages consists of: a gas chromatograph with dimensions of 11" X 12" X 16" and weighing 25 lbs. , an electronics unit 10" X 14" X 19" in size and weighing 30 lbs., and a power pack 6" X 14" X 16" in size and weighing 45 lbs. Two AC/DC power supplies are provided for aboveground battery charging and system operation in the laboratory. The underground system is entirely automatic and self-contained, including sources for electrical and pneumatic power and for CC carrier gas via a rechargeable Gel Call battery and two lecture bottles of gas in the power pack-

Jan 1, 1978

By Breno Totti Maia

Na conjuntura atual, o foco dos produtores de aço tem se voltado fortemente para a otimização dos recursos e do tempo. O AOD é um convertedor de aços inoxidáveis. A intensa agitação do banho obtida pela lança de topo e injeção de gases por ventaneiras geram projeções ao longo do processo com formação e acúmulo de cascões na parte interna do cone superior. O excesso de cascão prejudica as operações de carregamento e vazamento das corridas. Visando reduzir o acúmulo de cascão, foi desenvolvido para o AOD da Aperam South America, a partir do conceito da lança Slagless um módulo de pós-combustão. Os furos de passagem de oxigênio deste módulo ficam posicionados na região onde se alojam as projeções de metal e escória. Os resultados iniciais obtidos com a Slagless Clean Up desenvolvida mostram uma evolução na qualidade da limpeza da boca do AOD, facilitando a operação de carregamento do forno. Ao longo do período foram feitas alterações na abertura dos furos de pós-combustão para adequação das vazões de sopro. O projeto, agora já na sua fase de conclusão, deverá passar por ajustes na quantidade e na distribuição dos furos do módulo de pós-combustão.

Aug 15, 2017

By Graham W. Marks, Betsy M. Jones

"Recently4/ it was shown that the total energy method5/ of spectrochemical analysis is suitable for the quantitative estimation of many of the elements of which ores are composed. It was shown how this method can be applied to the determination of germanium, tin, and lead. Continuing this work, the present report deals with analyses for beryllium, zinc, cadmium, and indium.There are three basic problems in these investigations. The first is to study the influence of those elements that make up the greater part of an ore sample on the spectral-line intensities of the elements for which analyses are being made, the latter generally being the minor constituents. The second is to develop proper methods for the preparation of standard spectrographic curves. Finally, we are concerned with improvement in equipment and procedure, so that greater accuracy can be achieved.As discussed previously, it is better to study as groups those elements that belong to the same group in the periodic table because their spectra are similar. Beryllium, zinc, and cadmium are thus related. Indium was included in this work because it is associated with zinc and cadmium in zinc ores.The authors wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the staff of the Bureau of Mines Analytical Laboratory who made the chemical analyses and supplied the ore samples used in this work.A brief description of the procedures followed in making the standard curves and analyses is given below; a detailed discussion will be found in an earlier paper.6/Basically, the procedure for determining a standard curve consists of two parts: (1) Choosing a suitable line in the spectrum of the element to be determined and (2) determining the variation in the intensity of this line with the amount of the element burned in the arc."

Nov 1, 1948

By Long Meng, Kuiyuan Chen, Zhe Wang, Yiwei Zhong, Zhancheng Guo

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) contain plenty of toxic substances as well as valuable metals (e.g. Pb and Sn). In this study, supergravity as a novel technology was used to separate and recover different mass ratios (Pb/Sn) of Pb-Sn alloys from PCBs. In a supergravity field, liquid metal phase can permeate from the solid particles, and based on this, 200, 280 and 400 °C were selected to separate Pb and Sn from PCBs. The results showed that the gravity coefficient only affected the Pb-Sn alloy weight, and did not change the mass ratio of Pb/Sn. With the increase of gravity coefficient, the recovery values of Pb and Sn were increased. In the separation process, under the gravity coefficient of 1000 and separation time of 2 min, the recovery values of Pb were 33.13, 38.86 and 50.48% at the temperature of 200, 280 and 400 °C, respectively, and the recovery values of Sn were 23.31, 32.57, and 40.81%, respectively, and the mass ratios of Pb/Sn in the Pb-Sn alloys were 0.55, 0.40 and 0.64, respectively. This provided a new approach to recycle Pb and Sn from PCBs.

Mar 1, 2018

By Giuseppe M. Gaspari, Tamara Kondrachova

Contract practices affect cost and schedule of tunneling works, impacting risk allocation between Owners and Contractors. The Authors compiled a dataset of projects constructed in the Toronto Area between 1990–2020 procured either Design-Build or Design-Bid-Build. Data were analyzed identifying independent cost variables across the two methods. Overall industry efficiency further comparison with historical information demonstrates the costs of engineering ongoing escalation due to rising trends in environmental requirements and public consultations stirred through modern communicative platforms. These hard to predict and estimate costs need to be included in the risks evaluated and managed by Owners and not by Contractors

Jun 13, 2021

By J. F. T. Agapito

Experience at Energy West Mines in the Wasatch Plateau Coal Field, Utah, has shown that longwall face bursts occur mostly near the tailgate when extracting the third adjacent longwall in a panel section where depths exceed 610 m (2000 ft). It is believed that this is due to a combination of cover depth and side abutment stresses created by the widening of a pressure arch formed by interlocking and bridging of large blocks of" very competent strata. The 60-m-thick (200 ft) Castlegate Sandstone probably plays a key role in pressure arching. This paper presents a back-analysis of the location and magnitude of the stresses associated with face bursts that occurred when mining the 7th Right Longwall at the Deer Creek Mine. Improvement of these conditions may be achieved by widening the longwalls to attain critical subsidence width sooner while mining the second long-wall, and to reduce stresses at the face. Wider longwall faces, however, increase the chance of sandstone channel interception often associated with bursts. Satisfactory mitigation of face bursts beyond cover depths of 610 to 670 m (2000 to 2200 ft) may be difficult without using destressing techniques. The hydraulic fracturing/liquid infusion technique seems to offer the best possibilities for application in longwall mining.

Jan 1, 1997

By Victor Caso Moreira

Neste trabalho é estudado o efeito do ferro no tamanho de grão e nas propriedades mecânicas do latão UNS C26000, também comercialmente conhecido como latão 70/30. Foram avaliados dois teores residuais: 0,0069% e 0,0592%. As amostras foram inicialmente laminadas até a espessura de 2,30 mm, submetidas a tratamento térmico de recozimento objetivando tamanho de grão de 0,030 mm. Posteriormente as amostras foram laminadas para outras três espessuras e submetidas a um novo recozimento. As amostras recozidas passaram por análise de tamanho de grão e foram submetidas a ensaios de tração, sendo obtidos resultados de limite de resistência à tração. Os comportamentos apresentados pelos materiais foram distintos entre si, sendo que o material com maior teor de ferro apresentou aumento das propriedades mecânicas em função do aumento da redução de espessura e o material com menor teor ferro apresentou redução do limite de resistência à tração. Quanto ao tamanho de grão, o material com menor teor de ferro apresentou pequena variação de tamanho de grão após o recozimento, enquanto o material com maior teor de ferro apresentou redução do tamanho de grão em função do aumento da redução de espessura, demonstrando inibição do crescimento de grão e estrutura heterogênea.

Aug 17, 2017

By C. Butcher

Numerical simulations of straight tube hydroforming of a dual phase steel were performed using both upper and lower bound constitutive models for porous ductile materials. The Gurson model is based upon an upper bound approximation to the material behavior and thus overestimates formability. Conversely, a lower bound solution to Gurson's unit cell geometry was developed by Sun and Wang to provide a conservative estimate of formability. The effect of a compressive axial load (end-feed) on damage development and tube formability is investigated. The resulting upper and lower bound models successfully captured the experimentally determined burst pressure, formability and failure location.

Jan 1, 2010

This chapter summarizes data on crude mineral production for the United States, its island possessions, and the Common-wealth of Puerto Rico. Included also are tables that show the principal mineral commodities exported from and imported into the United States, and that compare world and U.S. mineral production. Except for the mineral fuel commodities, the detailed data from which these tables were derived are contained in the individual commodity chapters of volume I and in the State chapters of volume II of this edition of the Minerals Yearbook. In October 1977, responsibility for the collection of data on mineral fuels-coal, petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas liquids-was transferred to the newly created Department of Energy. Although chapters covering these commodities will no longer appear in Volume I of the Minerals Yearbook, quantity and value data have been included in most of these summary tables to maintain statistical consistency in State and national value of overall crude mineral output. This shift in responsibility has also resulted in changes to the composition of the "Nonmetals" and "Mineral Fuels" groups in table 1 and table 2. The commodities-asphalt and related bitumens (natural), carbon dioxide (natural), helium, and peat-have been removed from the "Mineral Fuels" group, and are now included under the "Nonmetals" group. There has been no change in the components of the "Metals" group.

Jan 1, 1980