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By R. M. Waterstrat

The phase VPt has been reported to have a crystal structure of the B19 (AuCd) type at low temperatures.''' A recent investigation3 has indicated that this phase forms by an ordering reaction from the disordered fcc Pt(V) solid solution which is stable at high temperatures. olander4 has shown that there exists a close structural relationship between the orthorhombic B19 structure and a fcc structure possessing the L1 , (CuAu) type of atomic ordering. One may derive the B19 structure by a shear-like displacement of the atoms in the (002) plane of the ordered fcc lattice along the (010) direction through a distance equal to one eighth of the unit cell dimension, see Fig. 1, followed by an orthorhombic distor; tion of the cube axes such that a = 2.693A. h = 4.413A. and c =4.767A (estimated uncertainty 0.005A). Filings of this phase were produced by grinding a VPt alloy having the B19 structure with a diamond dental grinding disc. When these filings were subjected to X-ray diffraction examination, a pattern of a severely cold-worked fcc structure was obtained. higher solution temperature used (1200 C) or to a much lower oxygen pressure than he reported, due to transfer through many bends and tubes in his complicated apparatus. An interesting observation was made when an oxygen addition was attempted in a cylindrical sample of columbium in the cold worked condition rather than in the annealed condition. The interior of the sample re-crystallized during the oxygen addition at 900°C. The periphery, however. (1 mm) did not recrystallize. A similar sample without oxygen recrystallized throughout the entire cross section. It appears that the re-crystallization is hindered by interstitial oxygen. Presumably, the interior recrystallized before appreciable oxygen could diffuse into the core. This work was supported by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. When the filings were annealed in a high vacuum furnace for 15 min at 110O0C, however. they returned to the B19 structure perhaps as a result of reordering. Subsequent less-severe cold-working of these filings by grinding in a hardened steel mortar and pestle at room temperature produced a transformation into a cold-worked L1, structure which was slightly tetragonal. Thus it appears that the degree of deformation may influence the final structure. Considerable line-broadening was observed in X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from the cold-worked filings and therefore no attempt was made to obtain accurate lattice parameters. Vacuum annealing treatments at 1100'C intended

Jan 1, 1970

By L. A. Dale, D. A. Dahlstrom

Closed-water circuits are justified today from two standpoints: economical operation and prevention of stream pollution. In today's modern preparation plant, it has been found very desirable to have the plant circulating water maintained at a relatively low solids concentration of around 3%. In so doing, bene-ficiation equipment can operate at a much higher efficiency. However, makeup water requirements would become excessive if the fines were to be removed from the preparation plant by bleeding a 3% solids concentration to a tailings pond. With the ever increasing percentage of —200 mesh coal, clay and slimes in the raw coal, coupled with the creation of these fines within the preparation plant, the need for water conservation for economy reasons becomes even more important. Because of stream pollution laws, tailings ponds have become very costly to operate and maintain, resulting in the necessity of employing an in-plant method of water recovery. Accordingly, the primary system employed in water recovery in the coal preparation plant today consists of a solids concentration device to thicken refuse solids while at the same time producing a sufficiently clarified effluent that can go back to the preparation plant for water reuse. The thickened product is then normally passed to a dewatering device that will produce a handleable solid that can be disposed of

Jan 1, 1965

By S. A. Braley

DRAINAGE water from coal mines is probably the most serious water pollution problem today, varying in importance according to location of the mines and geological structure. Drainage may be either acid or alkaline in character. Acid discharge, the most severely detrimental to a stream, is caused by natural oxidation of the sulfuritic material (FeS2) in the strata associated with the coal seam. Since the acid is the result of a natural reaction the acid water differs because it does not cease with abandonment of the mining operations. There is no known economical method of neutralizing acid mine water or any practical method to prevent oxidation of exposed pyrite. Since production of acid from a mine does not stop when mining stops, the total quantity produced depends entirely upon the excavated areas. The increasing volume of acid water in manv mines has greatly increased operating costs. Pumping is expensive and acid mine waters are destructive of all equipment, especially metals in pumps and piping, and necessitate the use of corrosion-resistant materials. Discharge of the acid mine drainage into streams neutralizes their normal alkalinity, causes them to become acid, and produces an environment unfavorable for aquatic life and unsuited for industrial or domestic use without costly treatment. Mine drainages vary in percentage composition over wide limits, although the usual dissolved substances are ferrous and ferric iron, aluminum, calcium and magnesium sulfates, and lesser amounts of sodium, potassium and manganese sulfates and chlorides. Some alkaline discharges may contain heavy concentrations of iron as iron bicarbonate. These waters may produce iron hydroxide deposits in the receiving stream but do not cause it to become acid. In the extensive literature on acid mine water there appears to be a great deal of confusion about the importance of various components and the methods for their determination. In many instances faulty conclusions have been drawn from use of unsuitable methods of analysis. It is desirable that the factors and terms used in evaluation of analyses of mine waters should be so clearly defined that any interested person could properly appraise any analytical report. Some analysts report complete chemical analyses of mine waters and neglect to record drainage volumes. Others report only a minimum of analytical data after taking no precautions to preserve the original composition of the water during the time elapsing between collection and analysis. Some use methods of analysis intended for so-called pure waters of the potable and boiler water classes. These methods are not applicable to highly buffered waters such as mine water. Probably the most common criteria for evaluation are pH, free acidity, or acidity or alkalinity to methyl orange or methyl red, total acidity or acidity to hot phenol-phthalein, and the sulfate content. If these determinations are made on carelessly collected samples after a few days to weeks standing in warm rooms, they do not in any way represent the character of the water flowing from the mines. It is hoped that a brief discussion of the fundamental value of some of these factors may lead to a bettqr understanding of the need for more careful evaluation of mine water discharges. The term pH is one used by chemists to express relative acidity or alkalinity in terms of concentration of effective hydrogen ion in a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration or activity in equivalents per liter. pH = logarithm A neutral solution, which is one containing the same number of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, has a pH of 7. As the hydrogen ions increase and the solution becomes more acid, the pH decreases toward zero; and as the hydroxyl ions increase and the solution becomes more alkaline, the pH approaches 14. When dissolved in water to a dilute solution acids like sulfuric and hydrochloric, commonly known as strong acids, ionize completely, and the pH or hydrogen ion concentration varies with molar concentration of the dissolved acid. However, in high concentrations of such acids, the pH or hydrogen ion concentration is less than the acid concentration because the acid does not completely ionize. In only very dilute solutions does the pH represent the total amount of acid that can be neutralized by an alkali. All ionization reactions are equilibrium reactions. If other chemicals are added to the solution of an acid and the added chemical produces an ion that is the same as one of the ions of the acid, the degree of ionization of the acid is altered and the pH changes to some value that represents the active hydrogen ion of the new solution. Thus if iron sulfate is added to a solution of sulfuric acid the pH increases, since the common sulfate ion suppresses the degree of ionization of the sulfuric acid and decreases the effective hydrogen ion. However, the total acidity of the solution is increased. There are two salts composed of iron and sulfate— ferrous and ferric sulfate. In these salts there is no hydrogen ion that can ionize to give an acid solution, but when they are dissolved in water, the pH is less than 7 and the solution becomes acid. This is caused by a reaction known as hydrolysis and is represented by the equations FeSO4 + 2H2O ? Fe(OH)2 + 2H + SO,: or Fe,(SO,)3 + 6H2O ? 2Fe(OH)3 + 6H+ + 3504 A solution with a total acidity of 5000 ppm according to the first equation will have a pH of 4.40 but one with an acidity of 75 ppm, according to the sec-

Jan 1, 1958

By J. D. McBeth, G. M. Potter, Ramon Pizarro

Heap leaching is used by the Carlin Gold Mining Co., Carlin, Nev., to supplement conventional processing of gold ore by agitation-leaching and countercurrent decantation. Selected open-pit ore containing about 0.072 oz Au per ton is crushed to 3/4 inch, dumped by truck on an asphalt pad, and leached by sprinkling with dilute cyanide solution for 7 days. The heap is then drained and removed by front-end loader to tailings disposal. About 70 percent of the gold is dissolved. Leach solution from the heap joins the pregnant solution from countercurrent decantation for gold recovery by zinc precipitation. Four leach pads, each with a capacity of 1,400 tons of ore, are in use. About 10,000 tons of ore are heap leached monthly from about April through October. Heap leaching is recessed during freezing weather. Labor, equipment, and reagent requirements for heap leaching are presented.

Jan 1, 1974

By J. Nutting, J. W. Cahn

WITH the development of thin film techniques for the direct examination of metals in the electron microscope some new problems in quantitative metallography have become apparent. In order to obtain certain contrast effects in the electron optical image when examining thin films from alloys containing dispersed phases, it is essential to use films of a thickness at least two or three times greater than that of the mean particle diameter of the dispersed phase. From micrographs of such specimens it may be desired to obtain the volume fraction of the dispersed phase and the number of particles of the phase in a unit volume of the matrix. Under these conditions the particles sectioned by

Jan 1, 1960

By Ralph Hultgren, Bernard York, David W. Mitchell

It is a well-known fact that magnesium-alloy castings are apt to be coarse grained if the melt is not superheated several hundred degrees above the melting point before casting. (The casting temperature varies according to the shape of the mold. A typical casting temperature is perhaps 1400°F.) British practice is to heat to 900°C. (1650°F.) for 15 min., cool rapidly to casting temperature, and cast.' In Germany superheating is carried out at 850' to 900°C. (1560° to I650°F.) depending on the amount of scrap used. It is stated that further refinement will be obtained by prolonging the period of superheating or by increasing the superheat temperature to 950°C. (I740°F.).2 In the United States superheating is carried out at 1600' to 1700°F. (871' to 927°C.), perhaps even higher in some places. It is stated that superheating effects are found as low as 1500°F. (816°C.), but several hours are required.3 These commercial treatments lead to grain sizes in sand castings that may vary from 4 to 8 grains per sq. mm.! in heavy sections and from 60 to IOO in 1/2-in. sections to perhaps 380 in thin sections. It is also generally known that the refining effect of superheating is lost if the melt is held for some time at lower temperatures before casting. Aside from these very qualitative statements, there is little to be found in the literature as to the effect of temperature and time of superheat on the final grain size. Because of the uncertainty of these factors, the Office of Production Research and Development of the War Production Board placed a research contract with the University of California, supervised by the War Metallurgy Committee. This research, which was done under the "Restricted" Project NRC-550, is the basis of this paper, which has been released for publication by the O.P.R.D. The material studied was an alloy prepared from carbothermic magnesium. The temperatures required for grain refinement proved to be widely different from those used in practice, as described in the statements in the first paragraph. This difference is attributed to the fact that the magnesium in the specimens was of carbothermic origin instead of the electrolytic magnesium in common use. Materials and Methods The magnesium alloy studied was one of the most popular sand-casting alloys, with a nominal composition of 9 Per cent aluminum, 2 per cent zinc, and 0.1 per cent (minimum) manganese and the balance magnesium. This is designated

Jan 1, 1945

By M. A. Mahtab, J. D. Dixon

The results of a parametric study of the influence of natural features (stress field, rock strength, and strength and orientation of fractures) as well as the influence of induced features (undercut span, boundary slot, and other boundary-weakening measures) on the cavability of an undercut block of ore in mining by the block- caving method are presented. The two-dimensional finite-element analysis technique was used for this study. A coarse "mesh," along with linear homogeneous assumptions for rock properties, was used to model the problem of initiation of caving in a block of ore. Interpretation of the test results suggests that weakening the "abutments" of the block as well as certain orientations of natural fractures exercise significant influence on cavability. These findings hold promise for immediate application to known situations in block-caving mines.

Jan 1, 1977

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A. M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library; through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention: The Library is prepared, to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general Information on the geology and mineral resources of-all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. HARRISON W. CRAVER, Director.

Jan 4, 1919

By J. E. Forciea, O. E. Palasvirta, L. G. Hendrickson

All pilot and commercial plants working with Mesabi Range taconite employ wet magnetic separation. Progress is being made with a dry magnetic process,9-11 but this has not yet been applied to taconite except in the laboratory and pilot plants. Flowsheets in all five plants are similar, including multiple stages of grinding, each followed by magnetic separation, which rejects a finished tailing. The flowsheet in Fig. 1 is used in the preliminary and commercial plants of the Erie and Reserve mining companies and in Unit C of Oliver's Pilotac plant. At Erie the desliming operation is omitted. In the Reserve plants two ball mills are used with each rod mill. Pilotac uses flowsheet 2 in Unit A-B and has also tested flowsheet 3. Principal differences in the three flowsheets are the number of grinding stages and the type of roughing. The terms open- circuit roughing and closed-circuit roughing are best defined by the diagrams.

Jan 12, 1958

By B. F. Peters, J. Gordon Parr, E. R. Macgregor

A SERIES of seven hypoeutectoid alloys, up to 18.2 atomic pct Mn, was made by the levitation melting technique. The loss of weight on melting was considered to be entirely due to volatilization of manganese, and compositions were computed on this basis. Filed samples (—200 Tyler mesh) were helium quenched from 1000°C after soaking for 5 min by a technique already described.' Quenched Alloys -Assessments of the amounts of a phase produced and the hardness of the quenched alloys are summarized in Fig. 1. The experimental techniques and calculations involved have been described previously. The amount of a decreases as manganese content increases, until at 10.6 pct Mn only a trace of a' is observed. Previous

Jan 1, 1957

By AIME AIME

THE section delegates assembled Monday morning with the incoming president, W. H. Bassett, in the chair and F. W. Bradley as vice-chairman. The secretary called the roll and urged the delegates to become familiar with the activities of the Institute. He explained the allotment of funds to local sections and the uses to which these funds may be put. He also announced plans for travel by Mr. Bassett and asked the delegates to confer with him as to meetings en route. An invitation was extended for all section delegates to attend the Directors' dinner Wednesday evening. He suggested that local sections hold a meeting once a year under the auspices of each division of the Institute. He further explained the system of choice of publications by members. The question of licensing of engineers was brought up, and the consensus of opinion among the membership was asked for. Because the matter is controversial, no official action has been taken and it was suggested that the' local and State sections act separately in this regard. A. B. Parsons, the assistant secretary, next spoke. In his remarks he indicated surprise that many prominent mining men still did not belong to the Institute, and urged that section delegates make up a list of such prospective members and send it in to the office for study by the New York staff. He also asked that re- ports of all meetings be turned in for publication in MINING AND METALLURGY, and said that the reports

Jan 1, 1930

Jan 1, 1934

By C. Hanford Henderson

The belt of copper-bearing rocks of the South Mountain has attracted Attention principally iii the townships of Hamilton Ban and Liberty in Adams County, Pennsylvania, and in the southeastern portion of Franklin County. As the developments, thus far, have been almost exclusively limited to that area, the examination here described extended only within those boundaries. The region, being one of considerable interest geologically, has been the subject of careful study and description, both on the part

Jan 1, 1884

By Harmel A. Dawson, Robert A. Wilson

First the basic steps to determine the values present and the minerals involved which are the basis for the metallurgical testing are presented in this paper. Next, choosing the process or processes indicated for treating an ore are discussed. This is followed by the test procedures used, the results of which will indicate amenability to treatment. These test procedures have been developed, used and proven effective in laboratory evaluations relative to plant processing. Special, uncommon processing is beyond the scope of the paper. Evalutation of test results and incorporation into the preliminary and final flow sheet for plant design are discussed. The value of a flow sheet, with material and water balances, to plant design is shown.

Jan 1, 1978

By Shiou-Chuan Sun

THE effects of oxidation on the flotation behavior of sulphide minerals have been extensively studied,1-3 but no similar study has been made of coals. Coals of bituminous and lower rank undergo atmospheric oxidation during mining and storage, and their degree of oxidizing increases with temperature4,5 and time of exposure.6 The problem of recovering fine oxidized coal from culm piles, rivers, and streams by froth flotation has become increasingly important to the coal industry as well as to those concerned with air and stream pollution. This paper describes the flotation behavior of oxidized and unoxidized coals and carbons in the presence of oily collectors and presents the reagents found effective in the flotation of oxidized coals and carbons. Except where otherwise stated, flotation tests were performed in a 50-g Denver flotation cell. Solid feed for each test was 30 g, and the pulp dilution was kept at 8.5. The -65 mesh coal sample was wetted by agitation with water in the flotation cell for 6 min, then conditioned with a predetermined amount of collector for 2 min, and finally floated with pine oil as frother for 3 min.

Jan 4, 1954

By AIME AIME

Award of a Gold Medal : to the Institute. The Jury of Awards of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition has conferred a gold medal, the highest distinction within its power,. on the American Institute of Mining Engineers for the excellence of its publications during the past decade. ; A half-tone photographic reproduction of both sides of the medal is given in the accompanying illustration.

Jan 7, 1908

By Arthur B. Cummins, Henry Mulryan

DIATOMITE is a hydrous or opaline form of silica, commonly known as diatomaceous earth, diatomaceous silica or kieselguhr. The term "infusorial earth" has lost its original meaning and today is incorrect in view of the distinctions between diatoms and infusoria. Various locality and variety names are obsolete but some retain local significance. Moler and Celite are trade names that have become associated with diatomite products from certain deposits in Denmark and near Lompoc, California. COMPOSITION Diatomite is essentially silica with some combined water (2 to 10 pct). Frequently it contains organic matter (from traces up to over 30 pct) and varying amounts of inorganic impurities such as sand, cryptocrystalline silica, clay, volcanic ash, calcium carbonate, magnesia and soluble salts. In the natural or crude state, diatomite contains from 10 to 65 pct or more of free water. Table I gives analyses of several diatomites from deposits of different types. PROPERTIES Pure varieties, either massive or stratified, are friable and porous, of low apparent density, and somewhat chalklike in appearance. Varieties containing organic matter vary from sedimentary oozes to peatlike materials. Impure varieties may be more or less claylike, sandy, calcareous or cherty. Compacted types approach porcellanite and silicified shales. COLOR-white, cream, gray, tan, brown, greenish to nearly black. HARDNES-light-weight varieties appear 1 to 1.5 because of porosity, but microscopic particles are 4.5 to 6.5. SPECIFIC GRAVITY-1.9 to 2.35. APPARENT DENSITY---dry block form, 20 to 40 lb per cu ft; dry powder, 5 to 16 lb per cu ft. CRYSTAL SYSTEM-generally amorphous (isotropic by X-ray diffraction) but frequently showing faint cristobalite pattern.67.68,70 MELTING POINT-1400° to 1650°C. STREAK-white. LUSTER

Jan 1, 1949

By Basil Prescott

A thorough knowledge of the peculiarities of this type of orebody is necessary in sampling these limestone replacement deposits. Oxidized ores are often overestimated because of error in determining specific gravity and actual cross-section of the orebody, and sulfide ores are often underestimated because it is difficult to scatter the samples so that they will accurately represent the area under consideration. This paper describes various methods of sampling and cites factors that enter into the estimation of these deposits. IN THE science of evolution of the species, there is a law which, simply stated, avers that the history of the individual repeats the history of the race. Similarly, if unassisted by the experience of others, each successful engineer would perfect and develop his methods and technique from the rough grab sample up to the carefully taken, recorded and studied samples and observations which now determine and decide the expenditure of the large sums required for modern mining. Hence real progress results from the interchange of experience, as in that way the entire experience of the profession can be made available to every engineer. The literature of this subject is already voluminous, but some progress has been made in the gathering of data and in their compilation or presentation.

Jan 3, 1924

By John E. Riddell

This review is based on a questionnaire sent out in 1959 to 24 Canadian exploration companies, known to be active in the mineral exploration field, concerning their practice in the use of applied geo-chemical techniques in Precambrian terrains. Of the companies questioned, 21 returned completed questionnaires and of these, 15 companies stated that they had some experience in this type of work. Of the companies who stated that they had no experience in geochemical prospecting in glaciated Precambrian areas it is interesting to note that only three have reported that they do not use applied geochemistry at all. The others have reported that they make use of applied geochemistry in New Brunswick and in the Cordillera in areas of light glaciation. Their opinion is that it is a useful aid when accompanied by other techniques in evaluating mineralized areas. GEOCHEMICAL SURVEYS Table I reviews the type of geochemical surveys used by these companies, and the following points of interest should be noted.

Jan 11, 1960

By Edward H. Robie

MANY engineers currently are working harder than usual, in part because of the demands being made upon them for increased production in the war effort, and in part because engineers are in short supply so that there is more to do for those who are available. In some instances the question has come up as to what additional payment, if any, should properly be made for overtime work, and to what extent is such payment legally permitted under the rules of the Salary Stabilization Board. Most engineers employed in an executive, administrative, or outside salesman capacity are not paid for overtime. They are paid for doing a job instead of for the hours they put in, and are free to do all the unpaid home work they feel they should do after dinner, as well as to do a bit of thinking and worrying during wakeful hours in bed. But engineers employed in a strictly professional capacity normally have standard office hours. Some employers pay for overtime and some don't. Their practice as it existed on Jan. 25, 1951 may be continued. In the absence of such practice at that time, the Salary Stabilization Board says that the engineer may now receive additional compensation up to his straight-time rate for an extended work week. No formal approval of the Board is required. "A professional engineer," in the mind of the Board, "is a person employed in a professional capacity, who, by reason of his special knowledge of the mathematical and physical sciences and the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design, acquired by professional education and practical experience, is qualified to practice engineering." Inducted Engineers A letter from a young man just inducted into the service and fearful that his engineering training is not going to be utilized reached us last week from Fort Riley, Kan. The AIME, cooperating with the other Founder Societies, is doing what it can, through the Engineering Manpower Commission, to see that engineers are not being wasted in the military establishment. So we passed this young man's letter along to T. A. Marshall Jr., executive secretary of that Commission. Mr. Marshall tells us that the normal procedure now being followed by the Army in handling Selective Service inductees is to have them first complete 16 weeks of basic training before assignment to specialized categories. During that time they are classified. If one has an engineering degree he should be classified as scientific and engineering personnel at the end of the basic training period. He should then be transferred to a technical detachment and assigned an MOS (Military Occupational Specialties) reflecting his education. If a young man is looking for a commission, it might be added that the current policy in the Army is to transfer to OCS (Officer Candidate School) applicants for commissions in the infantry only. The local unit commander can give information on this point, based upon the aptitude shown in tests. In view of the current shortage of engineers, it is believed that a young man should seriously consider remaining in enlisted status unless he can obtain a commission in a branch of the service that can make full use of his technical skills. His work may thus be more to his liking even if his uniform is not. New York or Atlantic City? In which place is it preferable to hold the annual meeting of a professional society like the AIME-New York or Atlantic City? That is, a winter meeting. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has held its recent meetings at Atlantic City, with increasing attendance and satisfaction. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers chose Atlantic City for its recent December annual meeting. Only twice has the AIME ever met in this famous seashore resort: in 1898 and 1904. Chief advantages of going to Atlantic City over New York are that technical sessions are better attended, there being little else to do there in Winter; the cost to members is less, and hotel facilities are better adapted to a large meeting. As to cost, take a banquet, for instance. The Chalfonte-Haddon Hall, which caters especially to winter conventions, charges about $7 for a banquet dinner of standard quality. A similar dinner at the Statler in New York would cost about $8.50, and about $10.50 at the Waldorf-Astoria. (The charge for tickets is somewhat greater than this because of the cost of music, programs, flowers, and other incidentals.) Rooms, too, are somewhat less at Atlantic City, two in a room being accommodated for about $7 per day each, compared with $7 to $10 at a headquarters hotel in New York. On the other hand, AIME headquarters is put to some extra expense for staff travel, food and lodging, and members living in New York and environs are forced to pay a hotel bill. New York, of course, has more varied amusements to offer, plenty of big stores, and the glamour of a big city. The choice may be discussed at the forthcoming meeting in New York. In the meantime if any reader cares to express an opinion one way or the other we shall be glad to hear it. College Scholarships Most parents of children in the later stages of high school find it necessary to give some consideration to the cost of a college education. Although salaries have increased substantially it seems that the cost of the necessities of life, such as food, housing, and maintaining the family automobile, have gone up even more, so the problem of financing the children's education is as acute as ever. Many overlook the possibility of scholarships, or feel that only a student at or near the top of his class has a chance to get one. As a matter of fact, close to 150,000 scholarships and more than 15,000 fellowships, worth some $42,000,000, are available in 1200 American colleges and universities. Those who are interested should send 55¢ to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. for a 248-page publication just issued by the U. S. Office of Education, entitled "Scholarships and Fellowships Available at Institutions of Higher Education."

Jan 1, 1952