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Have your name and address on the first page of your manuscript. Typewritten manuscript is preferred, but is not essential. If you have the manuscript typewritten, have it double spaced and written on one side of the page only; send two copies to us if convenient; only one copy of the illustrations is desired. In typewritten manuscript, formulas are better inserted by hand. Keep a copy of your manuscript in case of loss in the mail. ILLUSTRATIONS.-Photographs reproduce best when printed on glossy paper. Solio is one of the best varieties. A good print is preferable to a negative. Blueprints, drawings, or pen or pencil sketches can be used for line engravings, but care should be exercised to make them legible and clear, especially in the case of blueprints. Tracings or photographs of drawings are preferable to blueprints. Rough sketches can be used, if necessary. Photographs should be sent flat, not rolled. Do not put reference letters or other marks on photographs; if such letters or marks are necessary, fasten a piece of tracing paper to the top edge, trace a rough outline of the picture upon it and then place all letters, etc. on the tracing paper lithe exact position you wish them to appear. Restrict the number of micrographs as much as possible on account of the considerable expense involved. Standard magnifications for non-ferrous metals and alloys are recommended as follows: 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500. Micrographs should be trimmed to 2 1/4 X 2 1/4 in. (six micrographs to a plate), or, if larger, up to 3 1/2 X 4 in. (two to a plate). The smaller size should be adopted if consistent with adequate representation of the subject. With each micrograph should be attached an explanatory title, together with the actual magnification, etching medium, treatment, etc., indicating what the author intends to show.

Jan 1, 1919

By H. Engelmann

THE very extensive development of a brown coal formation, in the region of the Rocky Mountains, is well known to all of you. The existence of these coals was known years ago, but they were of no practical importance until within a few years, when the mineral wealth of that country began to be developed and railroads were built. As their qualities became better known, their adaptability to domestic manufacturing and metallurgical purposes was more appreciated. They are still much undervalued, although they are mined at some points on a very extensive scale. A large portion of this coal formation is of cretaceous age, while it appears to extend into the tertiary epoch; but whatever difference there may be in the ages of these coals of different localities, they all have some common characteristics which distinguish them from our Eastern stone coals of the

Jan 1, 1876

By D. K. Grubbs, A. B. Moose

A brief overview of domestic sources of anorthosite in Oklahoma and Wyoming is presented, including drilling data on anorthosite and limestone exploration.

Jan 1, 1982

By Hjalmar W. Johnson

IT has long been accepted that blast-furnace practice varies to some degree with the coke used. While the qualities desirable in iron have been known for some time, the qualities in coke that produce such iron have not been established. There are no objective standards for blast-furnace coke, which is usually described in general terms, as good or bad. Many experienced operators believe that coke cannot be measured objectively except by using it in the furnace, noting the result, and labeling the coke according to furnace operations. This is admittedly unscientific, and besides is useless for the two main purposes for which a measure of coke quality is needed: (I) to produce the best possible coke from the coals and equipment on hand; (2) to test new coals and determine their value for blast-furnace coke. In seeking such an objective measure, much work has been done on tumbler tests, shatter tests, sizes of coke, porosity, specific gravity, reactivity or combustibility and other tests, but as yet very little has been published in which conclusive correlations have been established between such objective measures and furnace operation. In our study of the problem during the past 8 years we have developed no new measures of coke quality, but we have collected data that are presented here in the hope that they may assist in further work, so that at some future time there may be developed such positive measures. The purpose of this paper is to show that there are variations in coke and that such variations do influence the operation of blast furnaces. At the same time we must remember that there are variations in blast-furnace operation and it may be the blast furnace that is at fault. This correlation of coke properties with blast-furnace operation will be worked out in the following steps: I. Discussion of a period when a change in the coke resulted in an increase in efficiency on one furnace and a decrease in efficiency on another. 2. Adaptation of the inefficient furnace to the available coke so that normal efficiency was restored. 3. The use of radial distribution: a discussion of the effect of size of ore layer in adapting blast-furnace operation to the coke. 4. An example of a change in size of coke and the detrimental influence on the production of one furnace. 5. An example of a change in size of coke, together with manufacturing data, to show why it changed, the conclusion being that coke is a product with an optimum value. 6. Illustration of the fact that coke has different optimum values on two furnaces, with discussion on adaptation of operation so the optimum values will be the same. 7. Limitations of the use of screen tests as an objective measure of coke quality. 8. Importance of uniformity in coke. FUNCTIONS OF COKE AND QUALITIES REQUIRED TO PERFORM THESE FUNCTIONS Coke has three important functions in a blast furnace: (I) to furnish most of the

Jan 1, 1941

By Persifor Frazer

IN his “Final Report," Vol. II, part second, p. 763, Prof. Rogers sums up the metalliferous veins of the mesozoic sandstone by remarking that these are not associated with dykes or trap-rock, but are independent metalliferous injections. But singularly enough, in enumerating the different kinds of ores, no mention is made of

Jan 1, 1877

RACAL COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS Henry McCormick, Chairman; David Watts, Secretary; H. H. Campbell, A S. McCreath, S H. Chauvenet, C. E. Stafford, George S. Comstock, Jones Wister, E. C. Felton, F. W. Wood, Harvey Fisher. CITIZENS' RECEPTION COMMITTEE Governor H. M. Hoyt, Hon John C. Herman, Hon Simon Cameron, Hon. J. D. Cameron, W T. Hildrup, Charles L. Bailey, W. W. Jennings, Lane S. Hart, H. U. Carter, Gilliard Dock, T. T Wierman, Jr, James Boyd, D. L. Jauss, Dr. T J. Dunott, S. C. Gilbert. William J Rose, James Lynah, Dr. H. B Buehler, William N Lamberton, John Wister, G. M. McCauley, David Fleming, John Q. Donney, M. E. Olmsted, H. S Gross, Henry Gilbert. John B. McPherson, Lyman D. Gilbert, F. W. Forman, L. S. Bent, A. J. Dull, F. R. Leib, Dr. G. W. Belly, James McCormick. The opening session of the meeting was held in the hall. of the Young Men's Christian Association, on Tuesday evening, October 25th. Mr. Jones Wister, of the Local Committee of Arrangements, introduced the Hon. John C. Herman, mayor, who, in a brief address, extended to the members present a welcome to the city, of Harrisburg ; Lieutenant Governor Stone made an address of welcome on behalf of Governor Hoyt and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. President Metcalf responded, on behalf of the Institute, to the cordial addresses of the mayor and lieutenant-governor. The following persons proposed for members and associates of the Institute, and recommended by the Council, were unanimously elected :* MEMBERS. William F. Aldrich, - Montevallo, Shelby Co., Ala. George H Blake, - Steelton, Dauphin Co., Pa. L. Bertram Cady, - Salisbury, N. C. John B. Church, - Pottsville, Pa. Walter S. Church, - Pottsville, Pa, Frank L Clark, - Pittsburgh, Pa. * In the following list are included those elected at a subsequent session of this meeting.

Jan 1, 1882

By J. J. Knoerzer

A full-scale operational test was conducted on the Coaltek preheating and pipeline charging system at the Semet-Solvay Div. of Allied Chemical at Ironton, Ohio, for the purpose of determining whether a high-quality blast furnace coke could be made from blends containing at least 75% Illinois No. 6 Coal and at the same time reduce air pollution during the charging of the ovens. The coke produced had similar physical characteristics as compared to our conventional wet-charged coke, with the exception of smaller size for the preheat coke. Air pollution during charging was con- trolled and there were no serious operating problems. The coking time was reduced 25% from our normal 17 hr for wet charging to 12.8 hr for preheated charges. The blast furnace performance with preheat coke was satisfactory.

Jan 1, 1976

By B. R. Palmer, G. Gutierrez B., M. C. Fuerstenau

Selective flotation in nonmetallic systems is often complicated by the presence of iron-bearing silicates occurring as gangue. Minerals such as augite, diopside, hornblende, and tourmaline respond readily to flotation under the same conditions as ore minerals. Mechanisms by which these minerals respond to flotation with anionic collectors must be established if selective separations are to be made in these systems. It was the objective of this investigation to determine the mechanisms involved in the flotation of two pyroxenes, augite and diopside, with potassium oleate. Experimental Materials and Methods Pure potassium oleate, prepared by neutralization of oleic acid with KOH, was used as collector, while reagent-grade HC1 or KOH were used for pH adjustment. Conductivity water, made by passing distilled water through a mixed-bed ion exchange column, was used in this investigation. Two pyroxenes, [ ], were involved in this work. One member of this class of minerals was augite and was found to contain 3.3% calcium, 4.6% iron, and 9.6% magnesium. The source of this mineral was Tillamook County, Ore. The other pyroxene involved was diopside which contained 8.3% calcium, 2.7% iron, and 7.6% magnesium. The source of this sample was Bancroft, Ont. Microflotation experiments were conducted with a Hallimond cell. Mineral samples were ground dry and sized to 100 x 200 mesh. One-gram charges were conditioned for 3 min in the presence of various additions of potassium oleate. Flotation was conducted for 1 min with a nitrogen flow rate of 50 cm3/min. The electrophoretic mobilities of these two minerals were measured with a Zeta Meter in the absence and presence of [ ] salts and in the presence of an indifferent electrolyte, NaC1, added to maintain ionic

Jan 1, 1978

By J. A. Bownocker

THE production of oil in Ohio, in 1924, was characterized by no marked or surprising change. Low prices and the absence of promising territory made the year quiet. As is well known, Ohio has reached a state of "settled production," and the most that can be expected for the ensuing few years is to maintain the output at approximately the present figure 1921 7,335,000 1922 6,781,000 1923 7,085,000 Geographically, the Ohio fields may be divided into three areas, each of which gets its main supply of oil from a different stratigraphic horizon.

Jan 3, 1925

David H. Browne was born June 8, 1864; at Hollymount, County Mayo, Ireland. At the age of 16, after going through the Londonderry Academy; he came to this country, and entered the University of Michigan, where he was graduated in 1885. He began his scientific practice as chemist, under F. A. Emmerton, in the laboratory of the Joliet Steel Co., after which he served some time as chemist at the Ludington mine, Iron Mountain, Mich. But in 1888 he went back for a year to his alma mater as instructor in inorganic analysis. Those who knew him feel sure that he would have been an efficient and popular professor; but his ardent temperament could not brook the rnonotony and confinement of the class- room; and in 1899 he went to work at the Andrews and Hitchcock blast-furnaces, at Hubbard, Ohio, where he remained until 1891, when he entered as chemist the service of the newly organized Canadian Copper Co., operating in the Sudbury district, Canada. This was the beginning of his special professional life-work. For twenty-six years he devoted himself to the numerous and complex problems successively arising in connection with the metallurgical treatment of the nickel-copper ores of Sudbury. One of his notable achievements was the development of an electro-lytic process for the separation of nickel and copper in the ores referred to. This method was successfully employed for several years; but when the Canadian Copper Co. was absorbed by the International Nickel Co., the cheaper Orford process owned by the latter was substituted. . A still more permanently important piece of metallurgical progress credited to Mr. Browne was the successful firing of reverberatory smelting-furnaces with powdered coal-a measure which had been desired, dreamed and attempted by others, but which he was acknowledged as first to put in practice on a large scale. The Engineering and Mining Journal of April 7, 1917, says editorially of this improvement:

Jan 6, 1917

By E. Buehler

THE floating zone refining technique'-4 has provided a new experimental approach to the purification of many reactive materials especially those with high melting points. The method avoids the use of a crucible and at the same time it provides a favorable environment at the freezing interface for the growth of single crystals. The physical properties of refractory metals such as molybdenum and tungsten have long been of interest from a fundamental point of view and because of their widespread use in vacuum electronics. Single crystals are often desirable for study. Prior to the introduction of zone melting, single crystals of these metals were usually grown in the solid state at temperatures slightly below the melting point by strain annealing3 or by the application of a moving temperature gradient. Such techniques were mostly successful on wires, ribbons, or rods having small cross-sectional areas. Recently, larger samples of tungsten, molydbenum, tantalum, columbium, and rhenium were melted by a floating zone process which employed electron bombardment heating.10 Single crystals were obtained in many instances

Jan 1, 1959

By Arthur Taggart

FLOTATION of sulphide minerals and native metals is no longer a practical difficulty. The underlying scientific principles of the method, although not explored in anything like complete detail, have been formulated with sufficient breadth so that the direction of attack on any specific case is clearly indicated. It has been known since the earliest clays of flotation that certain of the nonsulphide nonmetal minerals-e.g., sulphur and graphite-would respond to flotation by oils as sulphides do; therefore they have been grouped with sulphides in many patents. But since the development of the chemical theory of collection,1,2,3 this similarity in action has been one of the facts cited in disproof of the theory by opponents of the hypothesis.4,5,6 Air levitation? of certain oxidized minerals, both metalliferous? and nonmetalliferous, and separa-tion thereby from other oxidized minerals, is a recent development in practice, although the discovery of the method dates back 17 years.7 This paper presents evidence that the principles underlying the air levita-tion of the nonsulphide nonmetal minerals are the same as those utilized in the flotation of the sulphides and native metals. It will be apparent immediately to anyone with knowledge of mineral concentration that separation of air-levitated minerals in water from minerals not so levitated is a simple matter of water-gravity concentra-tion, the separating device employed depending solely upon the size of the particles treated and the buoyancy differences effected by the levita-tion, The usual separating means employed are: (1) a flotation machine for fine, slimy and for well aerated granular material; (2) shaking tables for granular less aerated material.

Jan 1, 1937

CONTENTS PAGE ANDERSON, ROBERT J., and ENOS, GEORGE M.-Corrosion of Brass as Affected by Grain Size. Discussed by Henry S. Rawdon, Robert J. Anderson, Francis B. Coyle, William B. Price, and W. R. Webster 1 RAWDON, HENRYS., and MUTCHLER, WILLARD H.-Effect of Severe Cold Working on Scratch and Brinell Hardness. Discussed by W. H. Bassett, John Livermore Christie, John R. Freeman, Jr., W. R. Webster, William B. Price, Norman B. Pilling, D. J. McAdam, Jr., F. G. Smith, Zay Jeffries, F. E. Carter 3 WILLIAMS, ROBERT S., and HOMERBERG, VICTOR 0.-Relation of Heat Treatment to the Microstructure of 60-40 Brass. Discussed by 0. W. Ellis 14 Corrosion of Brass as Affected by Grain Size Discussion of the paper of ROBERT J. ANDERSON and GEORGE M. ENOS, presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1924, and issued as Paper No. 1282, with MINING AND METALLURGY, December, 1923. HENRY S. RAWDON,* Washington, D. C. (written discussion).-So numerous and so varied are the factors that affect the corrosion of metals that particular care is necessary in corrosion tests to eliminate so far as possible all extraneous factors. It appears to the writer that the question may well be asked as to whether all the necessary precautions have been observed in this investigation. It may be that the points to be mentioned were considered by the authors and found to be insignificant; however, there is nothing in the report to show this.

Jan 5, 1924

"Copper was first made in Butte by the use of iron for its precipitation from mine water in 1890. In consequence of a fire breaking out in the St. Lawrence mine of the Anaconda Copper Mining Company in November, 1889, a large quantity of water was poured into the workings, with the intention of flooding the mine and extinguishing the fire. This proved to be impracticable, but this water, on being pumped to the surface, was found to be high in copper sulphate,—tradition says 75/100 of 1 per cent. The Anaconda Copper Mining Company gave Wm. Ledford a lease on this water. He first (lug holes into the ground, filled them with scrap iron and allowed the water to flow through them. Later he built an open-top flume which he partially filled with iron and passed the water through the by the iron precipitation method. An assay in- the year 1890 from Gagnon mine water, showed .0016 per cent or 28 lbs. copper per day. The mine was then opened to the 1,000 level.None of the mine waters encountered in the solid rock in the mines of Butte contained copper in sufficient quantity to produce the metal profitably by the iron precipitation method. An assay in the year 1890 from Gagnon mine water, showed .0016 per cent or 28 lbs. copper per day. The mine was then opened to the 1,000 level."

Jan 1, 1913

By R. E. Reed, C. J. McHargue

Single crystals of aluminurn were reduced 90 pct in diameter by extrusion at 296" and 77°K. The resultant double fiber texture had a strong (111) component with a weak (001) component. The relative anzounts of these components varied with starting orientation. Decreasing the Lemperatuve of defovtnation increased the amount of (001) texture component in crystals with inilia1 orientations near (111). The starting orientation and temperature of deformation strongly affected the morphology of the (001) component. The effects of orientation and Lemperatuve upon the distribution of the (001 ) texture component in extruded aluminum single crystals were rationalized on the basis of deformation band formation and interaction. MANY papers since the early 1920s have discussed the occurrence of the double fiber texture (111) + (001) in wires and rods of deformed fcc metals. Aside from the reporting of experimental results for the various metals under a variety of fabrication conditions, emphasis has been placed on two related problems. One problem deals with the prediction of ideal end orientations based on the glide systems and flow directions. The other problem seeks the reason why different amounts of each component may be produced by the same fabrication schedule for metals apparently having the same deformation systems. Some of the difficulties in developing a satisfactory explanation have their origin in the experiments themselves. One mistake has often been the assumption of an initially randomly oriented specimen or complete ignorance of effects of starting orientation. Recent studies by Grewen and Wassermann,1 Cullity and co-workers,2' and McHargue4 have shown that the initial orientation may be the most important factor in determining the final orientation. Hence only limited comparisons of data from different studies can be made unless all conditions of the initial material are specified. Another question has been the nature of the (001) component. Hibbards suggested that any (001) present was the result of re crystallization during fabrication. Although Fleischer6 found no (001) texture in aluminum swaged at room temperature, and Dayal 7 found that component to disappear at very high reductions, a double fiber texture has usually been reported for aluminum. Vandermeer and McHargue showed that, while some (001) in aluminum may be the result of recrystallization, much of this component has its origin in the deformation process. Ahlborn and Wassermanng found the (001) component in silver deformed at low temperature not to be the product of recrystallization.

Jan 1, 1968

By Richard A. Busch, Roy L. Soderberg

Large, high, open stopes resulting from vertical crater retreat (VCR) and similar methods are usually filled with sand tailings to support the stope walls and make it possible to mine the pillars. The hydrostatic head resulting from these high stope fills demands extremely heavy bulkheads in the crosscuts to withstand the pres- sure. Occasionally, these bulkheads fail because there are no drains or the installed drains are inadequate. Costly flooding of the mine and loss of life result from these failures. With proper design of blanket drains and filters, the fill can be made failure-proof, requiring only a minimum bulkhead, designed specifically for zero water retention. The effectiveness of the blanket drains can be increased by laying perforated pipes on the bottom of the crosscut within the blanket drain. These drains can have a safety factor of 10 with minimal expense. When the water is properly drained, the hydrostatic pressure on the bulkhead is reduced to zero, leaving only the lateral pressure of the sand. This lateral pressure is partially dissipated by arching and shear against the crosscut walls and consolidation of the tailings as the water is drained. The bulkhead should be placed at least one cross-cut diameter back from the collar of the drawpoint.

Jan 1, 1983

The purposes of composition are various; one purpose, for instance, is to make a record for the writer's own use, as in a diary. That does not involve responsibility to others. There is also the writing meant to influence opinion-to be persuasive and pleasing. With such writing we need not concern ourselves at this stage of our study. The prime purpose of technical writing is to be informative-to convey information; therefore it must be clear beyond the chance of misunderstanding. Such clearness is impossible if meaningless or ill chosen words are sprinkled through the text. Discard the trivial phrases that are constantly at your elbow. Brush aside a host of vapid superlatives. Metternich exclaimed: "The superlative is the mark of fools". It is a false emphasis, like the underlining in a school-girl's letter. For example, the little word 'very' can be deleted nine times out of ten; it is an impediment to terse and perspicuous writing, as the multitudinous hand-baggage of the British tourist is to his travel. 'Very' supposes comparison. A mine with a 1000-ft. shaft is very deep to the scribe who writes from the Joplin district, in Missouri, but it seems a shallow hole to a man living at Calumet, Michigan. A vein that is 10 feet across may be considered very wide at Cripple Creek, Colorado, but it is only a 'stringer' to the miner at the Homestake, in South Dakota. Ore assaying $20 in gold is very rich at Juneau, Alaska, where 10,000 tons of $1 ore is crushed daily, but it is relatively low-grade to the pocket-miner at Alleghany, in California. It is all a matter of comparison; unless the reader knows your standards of depth, width, or richness, your 'very' has no significance. "Where erosion was very rapid or oxidation very shallow"

Jan 1, 1931

By B. C. Blake

IN general, billet-type or long slender ingots are used when it is desired to produce directly from the ingot in one conversion a product of medium or small cross-sectional area. They are designed to eliminate the blooming and billet-mill stages of the usual procedure. As used at Connors, they constitute a means of keeping a continuous rolling mill busy in the production of high-quality small rods, small angles, hoop stock, baling ties and concrete reinforcing rods without the need for a blooming or billet mill. They represent sound steel with the best surface that is commercially practical to use in the rolling of small continuous mill products.

Jan 1, 1947

By Paul H. Lu

Methods and results of measuring three basic parameters for ground stability control, ground pressure, strata movement, and geomechanical properties of mine rock are presented in this paper. It is found that these parameters can be measured in situ by simple and practical techniques with nonsophisticated and inexpensive instruments. Specifically, a drillhole dilation technique employing a cylindrical hydraulic borehole pressure cell (CPC) was used to determine the modulus of rigidity. Premining ground pressures were determined by pressure convergence tests with a combination of one CPC and two pre-encapsulated flat hydraulic borehole pressure cells (BPC) installed in a single drillhole. Abutment pressures and pillar loading were monitored with BPC's. Differential strata movements and bed separations were measured with self-recording 10-anchor-point extensometers. Roof-to-floor convergence was measured with self-recording convergence meters. Some applications of these in-situ-determined parameters to mine design and ground stability control are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1984

By Nick Warren

The problem considered is that of predicting rock physical properties from observations of the structure of the rock. The approach here departs from previous studies in that both the physical properties and structural features are taken as statistical data and the relations between them are cast as statistical functions. This approach I have termed a "quantitative petrostructure analysis". This Paper deals with two aspects of making such a study; parameterizing patterns of topographic features of rock, and characterizing variables to allow correlation studies to be carried out. The principle of a quantitative petrostructure analysis is outlined and illustrated using maps from two samples of Conway granite.

Jan 1, 1982