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By John V. Beall

There were no easily identifiable tourists. Everybody carried attaché cases and sported the buttoned-down look in dress. They were all there at the Hotel Indonesia to make a deal. But deals don't come quickly over there and those that staved and persevered became bored. They clung to the air conditioning of the Hotel and sought hobbies to while away the weeks-and even months. It is not an easy life but it can pay off fog sonic company. The government officials are neither stupid nor lazy. They are new at their jobs. Many are ex-army men and they know they must learn before they can enter into a contract with confidence. So they take time, and time is on their side.

Jan 1, 1970

By E. C. Houston

The presence in the Tennessee Valley of extensive deposits of olivine, a silicate of magnesium and iron that contains approximatcly 28 per cent magnesium, has been recognized since 1896 when Lewis8 published a survey of basic magnesium rocks of western North Carolina. A recent field survey by T.V.A.7 showed that more than two hundred million tons of high-grade olivine occurs above local drainage levels in western North Carolina and northern Georgia. Except for sporadic attempts to work the olivine for its nickel and chromium contents,10 the ore received little attention industrially until 1926 when Goldschmidt3 suggested its use in the manufacture of refractories. Only one instance is recorded of an attempt to utilize the ore commercially for its magnesium content;11 in this case a process was used in which olivine was treated with sulphuric acid, the resultant mixture was leached with water, and the leach solution was purified and evaporated to form epsom salts, which was the end product. As a part of its program of contributing to the development of the natural resources of the region, the Tennessee Valley Authority became interested in the olivine deposits as a source of metallic magnesium because of their high magnesium content and proximity to hydroelectric power. Studies were undertaken to determine the feasibility of producing magnesium chloride by extraction of olivine. The experimental work was carried out successively at the T.V.A. Minerals Testing Laboratory, Norris, Tenn., at the Georgia State Engineering Station,* Atlanta, Ga., and at the T.V.A. laboratory at Wilson Dam, Ala. The present paper describes a process, developed through the pilot-plant stage, whereby magnesium chloride suitable for reduction to metallic magnesium can be prepared from olivine by extraction with hydrochloric acid and subsequent purification. Research on the magnesium-from-olivine process, originally intended for peacetime use, was given impetus by the shortage of magnesium that existed at the beginning of the current world war. By the time the process was sufficiently developed to justify a proposal for its inclusion in the war program, the shortage had been met by expansion and development of other processes. However, it is believed that the magnesium-from-olivine process may have advantages that will warrant consideration of its use after the war, when the. economics of the various processes rather than production on a wartime scale will be the criterion for commercial production of magnesium. Description of Process Metallic magnesium is produced electro-lytically by the Dow and the Elektron

Jan 1, 1948

By E. C. Houston

The presence in the Tennessee Valley of extensive deposits of olivine, a silicate of magnesium and iron that contains approximatcly 28 per cent magnesium, has been recognized since 1896 when Lewis8 published a survey of basic magnesium rocks of western North Carolina. A recent field survey by T.V.A.7 showed that more than two hundred million tons of high-grade olivine occurs above local drainage levels in western North Carolina and northern Georgia. Except for sporadic attempts to work the olivine for its nickel and chromium contents,10 the ore received little attention industrially until 1926 when Goldschmidt3 suggested its use in the manufacture of refractories. Only one instance is recorded of an attempt to utilize the ore commercially for its magnesium content;11 in this case a process was used in which olivine was treated with sulphuric acid, the resultant mixture was leached with water, and the leach solution was purified and evaporated to form epsom salts, which was the end product. As a part of its program of contributing to the development of the natural resources of the region, the Tennessee Valley Authority became interested in the olivine deposits as a source of metallic magnesium because of their high magnesium content and proximity to hydroelectric power. Studies were undertaken to determine the feasibility of producing magnesium chloride by extraction of olivine. The experimental work was carried out successively at the T.V.A. Minerals Testing Laboratory, Norris, Tenn., at the Georgia State Engineering Station,* Atlanta, Ga., and at the T.V.A. laboratory at Wilson Dam, Ala. The present paper describes a process, developed through the pilot-plant stage, whereby magnesium chloride suitable for reduction to metallic magnesium can be prepared from olivine by extraction with hydrochloric acid and subsequent purification. Research on the magnesium-from-olivine process, originally intended for peacetime use, was given impetus by the shortage of magnesium that existed at the beginning of the current world war. By the time the process was sufficiently developed to justify a proposal for its inclusion in the war program, the shortage had been met by expansion and development of other processes. However, it is believed that the magnesium-from-olivine process may have advantages that will warrant consideration of its use after the war, when the. economics of the various processes rather than production on a wartime scale will be the criterion for commercial production of magnesium. Description of Process Metallic magnesium is produced electro-lytically by the Dow and the Elektron

Jan 1, 1948

By H. B. Smith, B. Egererg

In a previous paper1 the authors dealt with the physical properties of cold-rolled and heat-treated Britannia metal of the approximate composition Sn, 91 per cent., Sb, 7 per cent. and Cu, 2 per cent. It was found that cold rolling to more than 50 per cent. reduction produced a continuous softening of the metal when measured by the Brinell machine, whereas the Shore instrument indicated increased hardness; that the strength of the material followed the Brinell hardness and that the metal therefore became weaker the more it was cold-rolled; and further, it was found that hardness and strength could be largely restored to the cold-rolled metal by "baking" for about one hour at any temperature between 200" and 450" F., the melting point. The higher the baking temperature, the more effective was the heat treatment as far as increased hardness was concerned. It seemed to be of little importance whether the metal was soaked or not at the baking temperature for a great length of time and the rate of cooling seemed to be immaterial. The present paper deals with the same alloy and more particularly with the resistance towards various forms of stress — tensile, bend and deep drawing. The metallography of Britannia metal has in part also been covered and an explanation attempted for the abnormal behavior of this alloy. Tensile and Bend Tests Two ingots 73/4 in. wide, 11 in. long and ¾ in. thick were cast from the same pot. One ingot was cold-rolled in one direction to a strip 0.241 in. thick, which furnished the tensile test specimens; the other ingot was rolled in the same way to 0.253 in. and furnished the specimens for the bend tests. The ingots were cast as described in the previous paper and cold-rolled in six passes.

Jan 1, 1930

By A. W. Schlechten, Ernest J. Breton Jr.

Experiments on the separation of copper and zinc ions by selective action of ion exchange resins showed the carboxylic type to be more effective than the sulphonic resins. The latter demonstrated a greater capacity over a wider pH range. Data show the effectiveness of resins as a means of concentration. IN recent years the restrictions of stream pollution laws and the high price of metals have created an interest in ion exchange as a means for metal recovery. Some applications have proved successful. In Germany during World War 11, 17 tons of copper per day were recovered from rayon mill wastes by means of ion exchange resins;' and for some time in this country a large ion exchange unit has been in operation for the recovery of copper from rayon waste water. The possibilities of applying ion exchange to the recovery of metals occurring in plating rinse water is particularly promising. In most of these applications only the metal being recovered occurs in the waste. The ion exchange resins act merely as a means of concentrating the metals to a point where they can be recirculated. It would be highly desirable to use ion exchange as a means of not only concentrating but also of separating metals. With the exception of the impressive separations accomplished in connection with the atomic energy program, very little has been done on metal separations.' Therefore, an investigation was undertaken at the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy to determine if either of the two main types of ion exchange resins could be used to separate metal ions in solution. The selective removal of copper ions from a mixture of copper and zinc on carboxylic and sulphonic-type resins was investigated as a function of flow rate, pH, copper-zinc ratio, and concentration. It was shown that zinc can be separated from copper and that very large ratios of concentration can be obtained using ion exchange resins. Since ion exchange is relatively new to the field of metallurgy, a brief review of the subject will be included. Theory of Ion Exchange A comprehensive theory for ion exchange has not been developed as yet, but the mechanisms are analogous to metathetical reactions: R Na + Cu++ *=? K(SO3)2 Cu + 2Na+ R is the designation for the ion exchange resin. If a copper solution is passed over a resin bed in the sodium form, two ions of sodium will be released for every ion of copper removed. For the most part this reaction follows the laws of mass action and of electrical neutrality. Consequently, if an excess of sodium ions is passed over a bed containing copper, the reactions will be reversed, and the resin will be regenerated to its original form. A few empirical rules governing the exchange reaction have been set forth: 1—In general ions with a high valence will replace ions with a lower valence. 2—Ions having higher activity coefficients have a higher replacement potential. 3—In a series of mono-valent ions, those with the smallest radii of hydra-tion will tend to replace those having larger radii of hydration. 4—Where ions are similar in most respects, those with the higher atomic weight sometimes will take precedence. This last rule is not as definite as some of the others. These rules apply to rather dilute solutions at moderate temperatures and assume all ions to be present in about equal concentrations. Higher concentrations and temperatures may in some cases reverse the normal exchange reactions. Ion exchange materials are unique in that their efficiency increases as the concentration of the solution decreases. For many exchangers, most efficient operation is obtained at concentrations in the order of one thousandths of a percent. Most applications, though, are made in solutions containing considerably higher concentrations than this. Coste9 as shown that ion exchange resins will remove aluminum and iron effectively' from solutions of up to 10 pct chromic acid. Ion Exchange Resins Ion exchange resins are insoluble, porous, resinous structures to which active groups have been attached. Active groups such as (—SO,,)- and (COO)- pick up cations; hence structures saturated with groups such as these are called cation exchangers. Structures saturated with groups such as (—NH,)' which pick up anions, are referred to as anion exchangers. The resinous structure of necessity is resistant to strong acids, bases, oxidizing, and reducing agents, and most of the common organic solvents. An idea of the stability can be gaged from the fact that resins last for many years under constant use without detectable chemical or physical breakdown. The ion exchange reaction is not confined to the surface of these synthetic resins. Its porous structure permits active groups in the center of a particle as well as those on the surface to remove ions. A high capacity resin such as Amberlite IR-120 will remove up to 3.3 lb Cu per cu ft of resin. In this investigation several approaches to the problem of separating copper from zinc by ion exchange were considered. First, if a reagent could be found which would complex one of these metals and not the other, then by passing this reagent through a bed of exchanger containing copper and zinc, the

Jan 1, 1952

As 1970 develops and industrial minerals stand at a crucial point in their progress, research and development programs appear to be the key needed to open up new uses for each mineral's future growth. Radically new processes are needed for making a host of new synthetic products from mineral raw materials which will more nearly meet the demanding specifications required for high performance in space, nuclear and defense applications. Consumer applications for high temperature environments will be needed and are important for continuing the nations economic mineral position. In addition, an acute materials problem limits the effectiveness of some of the newer concepts for controlling ail pollution. What is needed then, according to a report printed by the National Academy of Sciences, is the carefully planned development of a limited number of major centers at universities to provide for both basic research and training of personnel; the nurturing of interdisciplinary mechanisms for research and problem solving within these centers; the achieving of a better balance between physics and chemistry within research, emphasizing the chemical aspects of the material sciences; and the enhancement of a broader professional identity by unifying the various disciplines involved into a possible federation of existing societies which have an interest in the problems. [EE] presents its 1969 annual industrial minerals review, where individual authors evaluate the status of each industrial mineral and recount the major developments which occurred during the year.

Jan 1, 1970

Arizona E. P. MATHEWSON, Chairman F. W. MACLENNAN, First Vice-chairman CLYDE E. WEED, Second Vice-chairman E.D. GARDNER, : Secretary-Treasurer Box 4097, University Station, Tucson, Ariz. ARTHUR CROWFOOT G.H. DOWELL HENRY F. EASTER R.D. LEISK Boston Meets first Monday each month, October to May, inclusive GEORGE, W. METCALFE, Chairman ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Vice-chairman F. LEROY FOSTER, Secretary-Treasurer Rooms G-202, Mass. Inst. of Tech. Cambridge, Mass. FREDERICK K. MORRIS GEORGE A. PACKARD

Jan 1, 1934

By D. H. Newland

On the bulk basis New York's contribution to the production of oil is small, representing, as it does, a bare half of one per cent of the annual total for the United States. Yet it has more importance than is implied by such a statement. Petroleum includes a variety of organic compounds, some more and some less valuable. It would be a fairer estimate of the situation to say that New York in recent years has produced around 10 to 12 per cent on the average of all Pennsylvania grade oil, the supply of which is strictly limited and the demand steady even in times of overproduction of other grades. One may not infer from this that New York and other Appalachian states enjoy an independent position in the market with a price structure uninfluenced by that of the Mid-Continent, Gulf or California fields. On the other hand, the recent market demoralization in the South and West brought about by uncontrolled production caused prices to drop to a point where the life of the local industry was seriously threatened. The current cost of producing oil in New York under the methods of water-flooding, by which most of the output is now obtained, has been estimated by competent authority at not less than $2.50 a barrel. The

Jan 1, 1934

By A.A. Gustafson

In diamond or churn drilling for the prospecting of ore bodies, two products can be used for quantitative analyses; i.e., the core and the cuttings, or sludge. Some operators prefer an assay of core; others insist that the sludge be sent for analysis. Both must recover the sludge for check samples or for assays if there is no core recovery for any particular section of the diamond-drill hole. The Freeport Sulphur Co. found that numerous cumbersome sludge boxes or barrels were inconvenient and delayed drilling. The sludge settled slowly in the ordinary shallow, rectangular diamond-drill boxes and its total removal from the container was difficult, time-consuming and unsatisfactory; and sampling of deposits of which the metal contents are easily concentrated, as in ores containing cinnabar, gold and silver, is subject to error if the boxes are not thoroughly cleaned. Mr. Charles Ballard, dredge superintendent at Freeport's operation at Grande Ecaille, Louisiana, developed a portable cone while he was in charge of prospecting a mercury property near Tonopah, Nevada, in 1940. Ballard later improved the design while the settler was being used at a manganese property in New Mexico. The operation is based on the "free settling" of comminuted particles in a quiescent liquid. The ordinary sludge box discharges over a lip 8 to 12 in. wide and consequently the water has sufficient velocity so that the discharge water is never clear. The cone settler used by Free-port Sulphur Co. discharges over the entire circumference, which gives a discharge ltp of 9 ft. in the size of cone used at the cinnabar and manganese prospects. Consequently, the velocity of the discharge water is slow enough so that all fine material settles and the discharge water is clear. When the drilling of a sample interval is complete, the sludge can be drawn off by the time the driller is ready to cut another sample. Thus, only one cone is needed per drill. The cone has been used by Freeport successfully in churn-drilling a manganese deposit, in diamond-drilling a mercury deposit, and in diamond-drilling a deposit of ore containing tin, copper, gold and silver. The cone is greatly superior to the old methods of collecting sludge and is now used on all Freeport drilling campaigns in the western states, both for surface and underground drilling. Fig. I shows the important details of a cone designed for average operating conditions, 30 in. in diameter and 36 in. high. Abnormal conditions may require some revisions in design. Fig. 2 shows a working drawing. A hose or pipe larger than the one used to convey water from the pump to the swivel head of the string of rods is connected to the stuffing box at the collar of a diamond-drill hole, The usual T-connection is used. It is not necessary to use a stuffing box if the top of the cone can be placed lower than the collar of the hole. Then the return water and cuttings can be made to flow by gravity. This hose or pipe discharges the cuttings of the drill bit and the return

Jan 1, 1943

By A. A. Gustafson

In diamond or churn drilling for the prospecting of ore bodies, two products can be used for quantitative analyses; i.e., the core and the cuttings, or sludge. Some operators prefer an assay of core; others insist that the sludge be sent for analysis. Both must recover the sludge for check samples or for assays if there is no core recovery for any particular section of the diamond-drill hole. The Freeport Sulphur Co. found that numerous cumbersome sludge boxes or barrels were inconvenient and delayed drilling. The sludge settled slowly in the ordinary shallow, rectangular diamond-drill boxes and its total removal from the container was difficult, time-consuming and unsatisfactory; and sampling of deposits of which the metal contents are easily concentrated, as in ores containing cinnabar, gold and silver, is subject to error if the boxes are not thoroughly cleaned. Mr. Charles Ballard, dredge superintendent at Freeport's operation at Grande Ecaille, Louisiana, developed a portable cone while he was in charge of prospecting a mercury property near Tonopah, Nevada, in 1940. Ballard later improved the design while the settler was being used at a manganese property in New Mexico. The operation is based on the "free settling" of comminuted particles in a quiescent liquid. The ordinary sludge box discharges over a lip 8 to 12 in. wide and consequently the water has sufficient velocity so that the discharge water is never clear. The cone settler used by Free-port Sulphur Co. discharges over the entire circumference, which gives a discharge ltp of 9 ft. in the size of cone used at the cinnabar and manganese prospects. Consequently, the velocity of the discharge water is slow enough so that all fine material settles and the discharge water is clear. When the drilling of a sample interval is complete, the sludge can be drawn off by the time the driller is ready to cut another sample. Thus, only one cone is needed per drill. The cone has been used by Freeport successfully in churn-drilling a manganese deposit, in diamond-drilling a mercury deposit, and in diamond-drilling a deposit of ore containing tin, copper, gold and silver. The cone is greatly superior to the old methods of collecting sludge and is now used on all Freeport drilling campaigns in the western states, both for surface and underground drilling. Fig. I shows the important details of a cone designed for average operating conditions, 30 in. in diameter and 36 in. high. Abnormal conditions may require some revisions in design. Fig. 2 shows a working drawing. A hose or pipe larger than the one used to convey water from the pump to the swivel head of the string of rods is connected to the stuffing box at the collar of a diamond-drill hole, The usual T-connection is used. It is not necessary to use a stuffing box if the top of the cone can be placed lower than the collar of the hole. Then the return water and cuttings can be made to flow by gravity. This hose or pipe discharges the cuttings of the drill bit and the return

Jan 1, 1943

By Bruno Nordberg

HOISTING is one of the earliest endeavors of man with machinery, for hoisting was probably used by the early Egyptians. Treadmills were used for general hoisting until early in the nineteenth century and it was a short step only to attach a Watt steam engine to the rope drum of a hoist. One of the earliest steam hoists was built for a coal mine at Frisne, near Valenciennes, France. It was a remarkable piece of engineering created by James Watt in 1811, using a wooden drum on a vertical shaft. This followed the crude hoist by Holtzhausen in 1803, which used a drum of wood on a horizontal shaft.1 In this country there were examples of crude mine hoists, which have been developed into the efficient machines in use today. African and Australian mines show examples of both extremes, and have an array of fine hoisting equipment exemplified in those built by British manufacturers. The influence of both English and American engineering in hoisting is interestingly evident in Canada. The information available to the writer does not reveal this to be true of South Africa, although American-built hoists have been furnished. Mining camps develop their own style of equipment, adapted to local conditions. For instance, the Butte mining district adheres to the straight drum with friction clutches, because of the great number of levels from which hoisting is done or to which men and material are lowered and the necessity for hoisting or lowering unbalanced. The north Michi-gan copper country uses both straight and cylindroconical drums and hoists continually in balance, so that the drums are not clutched to the main driving shaft. The Joplin mining district, Missouri, has its own peculiar small hoists. Other individual mines or localities in which a number of mines have been developed show individualisticc types of hoists, depending upon their particular problems. In each instance, however, the particular problem must be carefully analyzed, as conditions are seldom so near the same that a number of identical hoists can be used to advantage.

Jan 1, 1940

By Charles Camsell

MORE than one-third of all Canada is embraced in the federal domain known as the Northwest Territories. Its most northern point, Cape Columbia, on Ellesmere Island, is only 500 mi. from the Pole. It includes parts of the main physiographic divisions of the North American continent. In the West there is a strip of 30.000 sq. mi. lying in the Cordilleran region, where peaks in the Mackenzie Mountains rise as high as 8500 ft. East of this strip and extending roughly to a line through Great Bear and Great Slave lakes to the Arctic coast is a section of the interior plains. This section, known as the Mackenzie Lowlands, contains the great artery, the most striking feature of the Northwest Territories-the Mackenzie and Slave river waterway impressive in its width, almost two miles in places, and in it's navigability for 1357 miles without obstruction to the sea. Adjoining the Mackenzie Lowlands on the East is the greater portion of the mainland of the Territories, which, as well as a large share of the island area, is in the Canadian Shield.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. W. Ludt, C. C. DeWitt

The use of froth flotation for the separation of minerals has become one of the most important of ore dressing processes. Its particular adaptability to the enrichment of low grade ores has made the process an important factor in the national economy. The methods have been extended to the recovery of a great number of minerals. Among the few minerals which have resisted efforts toward industrial flotation is chrysocolla, a hydrated partly colloidal copper silicate. Chrysocolla, being a product of natural oxidation, has been found to occur in small quantities with many ores which are recovered by flotation methods. In present practice, these small quantities of copper silicate pass off with the tailings and are lost. The advantages to be gained by a satisfactory process for the recovery of chrysocolla is apparent. Any application of principles which points a way toward the satisfactory industrial flotation process for copper silicate would be of advantage. This paper presents an attack on this problem. Two methods for the recovery of chrysocolla have been developed by the United States Bureau of Mines.1,2 They have been successful on a laboratory scale but have been seriously restricted in industrial application by critical requirements in the procedure. In one of the Bureau of Mines methods,' the ore is activated with sodium or hydrogen sulphide in an aqueous solution at a pH of 4. Amy1 xanthate is then used as a collector with pine oil as a frother in the flotation process. An excess of sulphide acts as a depressant and the state of optimum conditions is difficult to control industrially. In the second Bureau of Mines method,2 soap is used as the collector at a pH of between 8 and 9. The diffi- culties with this process are that soap is not a specific collector, that heavy metal or alkaline earth ions cause the formation of insoluble soaps, and that a more acid solution causes the formation of a free acid which does not act as a collector for chrysocolla. The problem of recovering chrysocolla by flotation involves the selection of a suitable collector. The collector molecule must be composed of an active polar group that has an attraction for chrysocolla, and of a hydrocarbon chain. Certain dyes have been shown to have an attraction for certain minerals. Suida3 found that hydrated silicates are colored by basic dyes. Dittler4 showed that chrysocolla, among other colloidal minerals of acid reaction, preferentially takes up such basic dyes as fuchsin B, methylene blue, and methyl green. Endell5 gave information to show that the colloidal material in clay may be determined by its selective adsorption of fuchsin. A simple experiment, likewise, illustrates the difference in the adsorptive power of chrysocolla and of silica for the basic triphenyl methane dyes. When a mixture of chrysocolla and silica is immersed in a very dilute dye solution, less than 5 ppm, the chryso-colla is rapidly dyed and the silica is dyed more slowly. The difference is substantial but one of degree. Dean2 showed that the dyes, crystal violet and toluidine blue, are taken up by quartz in an adsorption type process. The difference in the adsorptive power, however, offers the means by which a new collector may act. To form such a collector, a hydrocarbon chain must be attached to the dye molecule. This involves a process of organic synthesis. Butyl, hexyl, and octyl hydrocarbon chains were selected for substitution in the malachite green molecule. For the purpose of identification, the alkyl-substituted dyes formed are called: butyl-malachite green; hexyl- malachite green; and octyl-malachite green. An outline of the procedure for their synthesis is given in the appendix. It is generally recognized in the preparation of this type of dye that the chemical structure of some of the dye molecules varies. However, a uniform formula is attributed to the dye. Such a procedure has been followed in specifying the structure of these alkyl-substi-tuted malachite green dyes. The structure is given on the basis of their properties as an homologous series of dyes, on their method of preparation, and on the purity of intermediates used. Structure of substituted alkyl malachite green is: C6H4 N(CH3)2 p-R C6H4 CH C6H4 N(CH)2 Procedure The flotation cell is a Bureau of Mines 100-g, batch unit provided with an air inlet at the bottom above which is a variable speed agitator. The agi-

Jan 1, 1950

By David B. Reger

The exhaustion of oil and gas in the United States is proceeding at a rapid pace. This is especially true in fields where the light oils that furnish the most fuel for internal-combustion engines arc found, leading to a late estimate by Arnold that the petroleum resources are 36 per cent. exhausted.l The further remark by Dr. David T. Day at the New York meeting of the Institute, in February, 1916, that the operators of the country are now scarcely able to supply the ever-increasing demand for gasoline, leads the writer to believe that a determined effort will soon be made to secure deeper producing horizons in those regions that now furnish high-grade oil, and in which pump stations and pipe lines offer convenient means for the economical handling of new production. A study of Arnold's table shows further that the States that produce paraffin oil exclusively are 45 per cent. exhausted, this figure being much higher than the average of paraffin and asphalt States altogether. The most extensive of all the paraffin-oil-producing areas is the Appalachian Field, extending with the Appalachian Geo-Syncline from western New York southwestward through western Pennsylvania, western West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, where oil of high gravity is always secured. Of these States, Pennsylvania and West Virginia rank highest in the quality of their product. In West Virginia, the oil sands dip to a lower level than in any other locality in the Appalachian Geo-Syneline, the Pittsburgh Coal of the Pennsylvanian being only 50 ft. above sea level along the Nineveh Syneline at Wileyville, Wetzel County.² The very significant fact that the sands of the Mississippian and Upper Devonian Measures furnished the richest oil pools of the State along this

Jan 1, 1917

By David Reger

Introduction THE exhaustion of oil and gas in the United States is proceeding at a rapid pace. This is especially true in fields where the light oils that furnish the most fuel for internal-combustion engines are found, leading to a late estimate by Arnold that the petroleum resources are 36 per cent. exhausted.1 The further remark by Dr. David T. Day at the New York meeting of the Institute, in February, 1916, that the operators of the country are now scarcely able to supply the ever-increasing demand for gasoline, leads the writer to believe that a determined effort will soon be made to secure deeper producing horizons in those regions that now furnish high-grade oil, and in which pump stations and pipe lines offer convenient means for the economical handling of new production. A study of Arnold's table shows further that the States that produce paraffin oil exclusively are 45 per cent. exhausted, this figure being much higher than the average of paraffin and asphalt States altogether. The most extensive of all the paraffin-oil-producing areas is the Appalachian Field, extending with the Appalachian Geo-Syncline from western New York southwestward through western Pennsylvania, western West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, where oil of high gravity is always secured. Of these States, Pennsylvania and West Virginia rank highest in. the quality of their product. In West Virginia, the oil sands dip to a lower level than in any other locality in the Appalachian Geo-Syncline, the Pittsburgh Coal of the Pennsylvanian being only 50 ft. above sea level along the Nineveh Syncline at Wileyville, Wetzel County.2 The very significant fact that the sands of the Mississippian and Upper Devonian Measures furnished the richest oil pools of the State along this

Jan 9, 1916

By C. G. Massey, L. C. Acton

A first-class haulage level railroad was considered of prime importance during planning of San Manuel because successful operation of the mine would hinge heavily on the ability to move large tonnages of ore rapidly, safely and efficiently. These principles, plus certain techniques developed from experience on the 1475 level, are being employed in preparation of the 2075 level. At full production, twelve 23-ton trolley locomotives, each pulling fifteen 12-ton capacity ore cars, and fifteen 8-ton battery locomotives engaged in development, service and supply, will be in operation on the 2075 level 24 hours per day, seven days a week. More than 35,000 tons of ore will be transported every 24 hours. GENERAL DESCRIPTION The rail haulage system is designed to comfort- ably move twelve 180-ton payload trains per hour through the rotary dumps pulled by 23-ton trolley locomotives. The rail system is laid out as a simple double loop with one-way traffic of continuous haul as shown in the above diagram, and is comprised of about 30 miles of track on the 2075 level.

Jan 3, 1962

By F. R. Hensel

Up to the present time few attempts have been made to produce hard nonmagnetic materials by heat treatment of austenitic steels. The usual result has been to cause them to pass into the martensitic stage, thus destroying to a great extent the typical austenitic properties, since this involves a transition of a portion of the iron from a face-centered to a body-centered type of atomic arrangement. High-strength nonmagnetic materials such as might be provided by properly hardening austenite are required in the electrical industry for different machine parts. In Europe nonmagnetic retainer rings for restraining the end-turns of the rotor windings in turbo-alternators have been developed as a special application of high-strength austenite. In testing1 a 28,000-kva. three-phase Siemens turbo generator running at 3000 r.p.m. at full load current, the losses in the short-circuit test were 450 kw. for the magnetic ring and 286 kw. for the nonmagnetic, and the difference should be attributable to the magnetic ring. The differences in temperatures during the same test are given in Table 1 and these show the advantage of a nonmagnetic over a magnetic retainer ring.

Jan 1, 1931

By Lucien Eaton

THE accuracy with which detachable bits can be sharpened and gauged by grinding has made possible refinements in design that cannot be attained by forging. This applies particularly to gauging, where accuracy is of the greatest importance. Gauge changes of 1/32 in., and even 1/16 in., are now feasible, whereas 1/16 -in. changes are about the limit in accuracy for forged bits. These small changes in gauge are feasible, however, only with certain fundamental principles of design. Within reasonable limits the depth to which a hole can be drilled is dependent primarily upon the loss in gauge, or diameter, of the bit. In drilling there is always a certain amount of " overdrilling "-the bouncing of the bit in the hole and its rotation wear away the walls-so that the actual diameter of the hole is greater than the diameter of the bit. The amount of this overdrilling depends upon the kind of rock being drilled, and is sometimes sufficient to permit the use of the same diameter of bit for the full depth of the hole. If, for instance, a 1 ¾ -in. diameter bit overdrills 1/32 in. in diameter, and loses 1/64 in. in gauge in drilling 2 ft. of hole, the bottom of the hole is still 1/64 in. larger than the original diameter of the bit, and a new 1 3/4-in. bit can be used to drill the next 2 ft. If, however, the overdrill is less than the loss in gauge, the next bit must be of smaller diameter. The first requisite in reducing loss of gauge in drilling is to have the points and corners of the wings of the bit cut circles of the same diameter, thus producing a reaming surface with continuous bearing on the wall of the hole. The greater the reaming surface, the less the gauge loss that is to be expected. If the reaming surface, however, is too large, it may impede the rotation of the bit through excessive friction. This principle was probably first recognized in the design of the Carr bit (Fig. 1)) a bit with a single cutting edge of wide angle, a definite reaming edge, and a large center hole. The same idea was followed in designing the double-taper cross bits, which are now standard almost everywhere Fig. 2 illustrates a typical double-taper cross bit. The taper from the point of the wing A to a little behind the corner B is 5° and from

Jan 1, 1939

By D. C. Hilty, W. Crafts

A qualitative pseudoternary solidification diagram for the Fe-S-O system modified by manganese is proposed and supported by experimental derivation of an isothermal section at 1475°C and substantially 1 pct Mn in the solid-metal phase. The solubility of oxygen in liquid iron containing 1 pct Mn and sulphur contents up to 0.9 pct has been measured at 1600°C and found to increase as the sulphur content exceeds 0.15 pct. AS has been pointed out previously,' all oxide and sulphide inclusions in steel, excluding mechanically entrained matter, result from modifications of the basic Fe-S-O system. Therefore, one method of attack on the problem of the mechanism of deoxida-tion and inclusion formation is to examine the influence of deoxidizers on the Fe-S-O liquidus diagram. This approach has been adopted in work on the subject being carried out at the Metals Research Laboratories of the Electro Metallurgical Co. and has resulted in the postulation of types of solidification diagrams for the Fe-S-O system modified with common deoxidizers. This method has been of considerable assistance in interpretation of the factors affecting the formation of inclusions.' For the most part, however, these diagrams have been highly speculative. They were constructed primarily by inference from the pertinent binary and ternary systems and from the appearance of inclusions produced by specific deoxidizers. Moreover, since the systems contain four or more components, simplifying assumptions and qualifications were necessary in order to permit their representation as modifications of the Fe-S-O diagram. Consequently, experimental confirmation of the type of construction employed for these diagrams is desirable, and the present paper is concerned with such evidence. The addition of manganese to the Fe-S-O system was selected for initial investigation. Manganese is an important component of practically all steel and is, therefore, of fundamental interest. Because of its great affinity for sulphur, manganese has a more profound effect on the sulphide side of the Fe-S-O diagram than any of the other common deoxidizing eletments. In addition, more quantitative information pertaining to the contiguous binary and ternary systems involving iron, manganese, sulphur, and oxygen is available than for the other deoxidizers. Fe(Mn)-S-O Solidification Diagram Many of the side diagrams of interest in connection with this system are known. The Fe-Mn binary has been well established by several investigators;% the Fe-O system has been clarified by Darken and Gurry;' and FeO-MnO diagrams have been published by Herty,5 Andrew, Maddocks, and Howat,6 and by Hay, Howat, and White.7 The Mn-O diagram does not appear to have been derived experimentally, but the portion of 'it that is of interest can be visualized easily from a consideration of the melting points of Mn and MnO and the fact that a broad miscibility gap must exist between them. The ternary Fe-Mn-O diagram has been discussed by Benedicks and Löfquist,8 Wentrup,9 and by Körber and Oelsen.10 Experimental study of the Fe-Mn-O system has been carried out by Körber and Oelsen and to a lesser degree by Chipman, Gero, and Winkler,11 Hilty and Crafts," and others. On the basis of published information, then, an outline of the Fe-Mn-O liquidus diagram can be constructed as illustrated by Fig. 1. In this, as in all succeeding diagrams, transformations such as the ?-? reaction in iron have been ignored for purposes of simplification. The arrows denote falling temperature. The distinguishing feature of this diagram is the broad region of liquid immiscibility extending

Jan 1, 1955

By E. L. Jr. Spain

THE deposits described in this paper occur over much of Wayne County and in the southeast portion of Hardin County, Tennessee, and in the northeast and northwest portions of Mississippi and Alabama respec-tively. The presence of tripoli in this region has been known for some time and descriptions of various occurrences in Tennessee have been made by Jewell1 and Miser2, while Hilgard3, Lowe4 and Logan5 have treated the deposits that occur in the adjacent portions of Alabama and Mississippi, but there has not been a general survey of the entire field summarizing completely the geology of the deposits with respect to their origin and stratigraphic relationships. During 1934, while engaged in surveys of mineral resources through this region for the Tennessee Valley Authority, the writer collected data with this in mind, and has assembled them in this report. He is indebted to H. S. Rankin and N. A. Rose, of the Tennessee Valley Authority Geology Division, for field assistance.

Jan 1, 1936