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This research contributes to BioMinE (http://biomine.brgm.fr), an integrated European Union project of the Sixth Framework Programme. The general objective of BioMinE is the development and integration of innovative, environmentally friendly, biohydrometallurgical processes for the recovery of metals from primary and secondary resources within Europe. The work presented in this paper deals with the initial plan of study on the sustainable use of solid wastes derived from bio-processing of European metal bearing resources. The approach involves solidifying the waste into cementitious waste composites analogous to controlled low-strength materials (CLSM). The aim is to achieve composites of adequate mechanical, physicochemical and environmental integrity, thus providing a sustainable solution for dealing with such bulk products which are conventionally unmarketable and therefore normally discarded to landfill. Assessment has been based on largely ?model? wastes anticipated to be similar to bio-processing wastes. These include an ochreous mine water sludge and an industrial goethite residue. The work indicates that wastes containing high iron and calcium contents, typical of products from bioleaching of concentrates, could be beneficially reformed as CLSM of appropriate compressive strength. Due to the high water contents of these composites, porosity and hydraulic conductivity were correspondingly high. Flow-through leach tests showed some resistance to immobilisation of toxic elements. Work is continuing to reduce the risk of toxic elements leaching under environmental conditions. This will include laboratory-scale encapsulated systems of CLSM, designed and tested to produce a novel type of engineered fill structure.

Jan 1, 2006

By John J. Rhodes

I welcome this opportunity to give a Congressman's birdseye view of a subject which I believe holds great potential for the future in helping meet the needs of people, with minimal adverse impact on the environment. All mankind, not just the people in this great nation, faces the need for additional usable space. In some parts of the United States the problem arises from rapid urbanization of the surface and little utilization of the subsurface. Everywhere there is an increasing problem of insufficient space arising out of the increasing population crush and growing demands for open space, housing, water, transportation, communication, and social service. You are the technicians to whom we look for assistance in finding answers. We look to you also to provide guidance for broad policy decisions concerning underground space. I prepared for a career practicing law, but since 1952 I have been a member of the House of Representatives. In this latter capacity I deal with programs designed to help solve all kinds of problems. But, naturally, I am especially interested in the water scarcity and other environmental problems of my home state of Arizona and the arid and semi-arid areas in the West. This North American Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference has as its theme: "Tomorrow's Tunneling Technology Today." I have a very great interest in this potential of our underground space resource. The Central Arizona Project now getting underway in my state will consist in part of tunnels and underground pipelines to convey life-sustaining water from the Colorado River to people and lands across Arizona to the Phoenix and Tucson areas.

Jan 1, 1997

By Michael G. Nelson, Dot J. Helm, Edmond C. Jr. Packee

Under a Section 319 Water Quality grant from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, a working group of government agencies, mining industry representatives, and University of Alaska researchers undertook reclamation of an abandoned mine site on Birch Creek, near mile 101 of the Steese Highway. Stream hydrology, water quality, and the extent and nature of natural revegetation, were measured before the site was then recontoured to decrease the bedload deposition and bank erosion of the streams. Methods for stabilization of streams and rivers appear to have much in common with those for locations further south, but are subject to complications unique to the North, such as the formation of aufeiss, and to a lack of accurate climatological data. Natural revegetation appears to be possible for most northern placer mine sites. However, it may take place more slowly than required by public perception. Preliminary data indicate a surprising lack of nutrients in the floodplains of mined areas. Natural revegetation may be enhanced by selective planting of grasses and willows, which will contribute variously to soil quality, bank stabilization, and short-term appearance. Monitoring of hydrologic and water quality data, and of natural and artificially placed vegetation will continue at the .Birch Creek site through the summer of 1995,

Jan 1, 1995

By Jeffrey J. Schwoebel, Jianliang Li, Daniel J. Brunner

A United Nations (UN) administered degasification technology transfer project, funded by the Global Environmental Fund (GEF) is underway at the Shihao Mine of the Songzao Coal Mining Ad- ministration in the province of Sichuan, Peoples Republic of China. This mine exploits multiple seams at depths ranging from 300 to 600 m below surface. In-seam boreholes and frequently spaced in-mine vertical boreholes, developed from underlying galleries constructed specifically for this purpose, currently degasify the seams in advance of mining at the Shihao Mine. Because of ventilation system constraints and the in-situ gas con- tent, longwall mining of the coals at this mine could not proceed without some form of pre-mining degasification. This paper presents a simulation based degasification plan of long, in-seam horizontal boreholes for the Shihao Mine. Simulations with a coalbed reservoir program assessed time dependent degasification characteristics of both vertical and in-seam horizontal boreholes. The simulations used input data from reservoir and desorption tests conducted at the mine site. The results produced system design nomograms to assist mine engineers in defining the appropriate borehole spacing necessary to degasify the seam in the time available for pre-mining drainage. The predicted effectiveness of the current vertical degasification scheme was compared with that for a horizontal borehole program and served as the basis for the recommended in-seam borehole configuration for the project at the Shihao Mine. The horizontal borehole degasification program requires substantially less gallery and borehole development than the present vertical degasification scheme.

Jan 1, 1997

By J. J. McDougall

The Windy Craggy copper-cobalt-bearing massive sulfide lies in the Tatshenshini map area of northwestern British Columbia, where British Columbia joins Alaska and the Yukon. The area is covered with numerous glaciers and ice fields that mask geologic detail and hamper ground access. In 1957, Ventures Ltd., the predecessor of Falconbridge Ltd., undertook a reconnaissance of the area using a float-equipped Supercub. At that time, large lakes and glaciers were unnamed and little was known of the geology. The prospecting team was led by J.J. McDougall with Stan Bridcut as pilot-prospector. Prospecting was directed at the St. Elias Mountains between the rich Kennecott copper deposits to the northwest and the Maid of Erin silver-copper mine on the Haines Road, BC. Reconnaissance flying in 1957 and early 1958 eliminated vast segments of the Kennecott-Haines Road terrain as being too inaccessible for mining. In 1958, the Supercub landed at an unnamed lake and the terminal moraine of an unnamed 12.9-km (8-mile) long glacier was prospected. The lake was called Tats Lake and the glacier named Tats glacier (short for Tatshenshini). Float of sulfide was found in the moraine. Follow-up investigation along Tats glacier led to the discovery of several small sulfide deposits and these were staked. Prospecting active glaciers in this area can be complicated because of drainage capture by eroding valley glaciers. Glacier capture resulted in the float from one mineralized area being deposited at different times in three widely separated moraines. Float of the Windy Craggy deposit, therefore, occurs along the course of older glaciers and at the base of the currently active ones. The problem of sourcing caused much additional Supercub reconnaissance. It is interesting to note that about 40 geographic names were given various features in this unmapped portion of the St. Elias Range, and these names were ultimately officially adopted.

Jan 1, 1991

By Ralph M. Barnett

It is no longer a question of "If" mining operations will meet standards and regulations set by various governing bodies and the demands of citizen groups. Legislation is fact. The needs of citizens are becoming more of a integral part of mining company planning. "Open Planning", regardless of some frustrations it provides, is working. Climax, AMAX Chemical and AMAX Exploration are successfully employing several citizen involvement techniques in exploration and feasibility study phases of planning for potential new mines.

Jan 1, 1978

By H. Z. Kuyumcu

In order to ensure a sustainable development in the mineral industries it is very important to reduce the process water consumption in mineral processing. Based on a systems analytical approach this paper deals with the most important parameters of process water management during plant operation and indicates strategies for reducing the water consumption in mineral processing.

Jan 1, 2003

By Stuart M. Jones, Eugene E. Hively

The Tower Mill is a vertical "stirred" ball/pebble mill recently Introduced In the Western Hemisphere This device offers a significant power savings on wet fine grinding applications when compared to conventional tumbling mills This paper describes the laboratory application of this mill In wet grinding hydrated alumina to products of 50 percent passing 2 to 6 microns

Jan 1, 1983

By B. Beatty

This is a response to M. J. Hrebar's paper, which tracks in detail the highly productive stripping capabilities of modern large bulldozers at two separate installations. It proves the old adage "economies of scale" and quantifies the advantage of being able to move large loads of dirt over comparatively short haul distances by sliding rather than carrying the load. This discussion examines whether a bulldozer is the most efficient way of using this geotechnical principle.

Jan 1, 1994

By Donald R. Lamont

The paper outlines the reasons for and research behind the recent decision to adopt oxygen decompression in the UK. Currently used measures of decompression illness are critically appraised. The paper describes the main precautions to be taken on site to manage the fire risk from the use of oxygen underground. A summary of the initial results from the use of oxygen decompression in the UK is presented.

Jan 1, 2003

By Jerry Harrington, Brad Wigglesworth, David C. Beling

Commercial operations at the open pit, heap leach Crofoot Mine commenced in April, 1988. Approximately 13,600 tonnes (15,000 st) of low grade pregnant solution are treated daily using a Merrill-Crowe circuit. Acceptable gold recoveries from these low grade solutions can be obtained by optimizing solution pre-treatment prior to zinc addition.

Jan 1, 1990

By Janusz Cygankiewicz, Marian Branny, Józef Wactawik

The paper presents mathematical model of concealed fire. We consider a porous medium (goaf, coal fissures) through which air flows. The set of equations is constituted by transient, two dimensional mass, momentum and energy balance equations with sources describing oxygen loss and heat generation caused by coal oxidation. Paper presents several examples illustrating the phenomenon of spontaneous heating in goaf areas behind longwall faces.

Jan 1, 1997

By Pelin Altinkaya, Maria Leikola, Jussi Liipo, Mika Haapalainen, MARI LUNDSTROM, Eero Kolehmainen

Chloride leaching has many advantages compared with other alternative processes to cyanidation because it has increased metal solubility, improved redox behavior and high leaching rate properties. Also, chlorination is a nontoxic and environmentally friendly process, which is sought by the mining and metallurgy industry. In addition to these advantages, chloride is an effective reagent for the dissolving of metals from refractory ores and process residues that have trace amounts of valuable metals waiting to be valorized. 

By Y. Tao

The features of the teeter bed separator and its application in the coarse slime separation of Chengjiao coal preparation plant were discussed. The relationship between the coarse slime separation efficiency by TBS and the particle size were studied, and the influence of using TBS on dense medium consumption and oil consumption were investigated, it increased the clean coal yield and the comprehensive recovery of the whole plant, and brought huge economic benefits to Chengjiao coal preparation plant.

Jan 1, 2011

By K. Nielsen

The paper uses three examples to illustrate the challenges that the minerals industry is facing with regard to our image and the public?s perception of us. The paper then discusses communication with stakeholders as opposed to lecturing to the public and the authorities, and states that the industry needs to work more directly towards politicians and regulators as target groups. The conclusion is that we still have a way to go before the industry is doing enough to bring our message to the right people, but we are improving.

Jan 1, 2007

By Anthony Busigin, Stephen Pogorski, Colin R. Phillips

The precision of radon daughter measurement techniques is a complicated function of uncertainties arising from concentration and flowrate fluctuations during sampling, counting statistics and many other factors. Optimization of a measurement technique requires that all these uncertainties - not just counting statistics - be considered. In this work, the optimization procedure of Busigin and Phillips (1980) is tested against Monte Carlo experiments for the case of the modified Tsivoglou method.

Jan 1, 1981

By Robert McEwen

Conveyor equipment beyond its prime chronically suffers from a lack of understanding in today's plant environment regularly delivers more material than original designers ever expected. A case in point is a belt conveyor in a major hard rock mine/milling operation asking to bring the unit up to current standards while eliminating spillage and reducing airborne dust. The challenge was to keep the system going by revamping the system while keeping the same footprint and allowing for higher production rate. Thirty years of daily maintenance and dust collection costs have virtually disappeared by the end of this challenging upgrade.

Jan 1, 2008

By W. J. Pennstrom, J. R. Arnold

Gold Fields installed what was the mining industry's first commercial gold electrowinning/replate circuit at Ortiz in 1981. Its highly successful operation since that time provided the design basis for a similar circuit at Mesquite, which was started in early 1986. These circuits produce plated gold foil suitable for direct shipment to a refinery or melting directly into bars. Detailed descriptions of the electro- winning and replate circuits are given and advantages and disadvantages are discussed.

Jan 1, 1988

By A. E. Hall

The authors are to be commended for their attempt to provide a convenient piece of software for preliminary drum hoist specification. This field has received little attention in recent years and is eminently suited to calculation by computer. Unfortunately, there appears to be an error in the calculation of the required rope diameter. The 66-mm (2 5/8-in.) rope selected is oversized for this application. Wire rope weight and breaking strength are related to the rope diameter. For a round strand rope

Jan 1, 1988

By Y. C. Lo

Grinding process optimization is an exciting new tool for maximizing the performance of existing mineral processing plants. This paper discusses the methodology of optimization which involves plant sampling, pilot tests, modeling, computer simulation and plant verification. The methodology developed emphasizes the interactions among operating variables and design options. Two example applications demonstrate that AG and SAG optimization provides the basis to increase grinding throughput up to 10 percent. This sys- tem optimization technology has been proven to be very cost effective for grinding plant performance improvement.

Jan 1, 1998